Yo-Yo Test

The relationship between the principles of training and physiological adaptations has a significant impact on performance. Many factors need to be addressed in a training program to make it a successful one for a particular athlete and thus improve their performance.

Muscular hypertrophy occurs through anaerobic training and also causes an increase in lactate tolerance since the lactate produced is less concentrated enabling athletes to tolerate increased amounts. The greater extent of muscular hypertrophy and therefore lactate tolerance in males compared to females is evident in the greater number of attacking efforts performed by them whilst on field. During the 20 minutes of the game spent on field, males performed 88.5 attacking skills (approximately 4.43 maximal efforts per minute), while females performed 76.4 attacking skills (3.82 per minute) (Appendix 2). Due to insufficient recovery of CP, the anaerobic glycolysis system would have been dominant for these efforts. Males can tolerate more lactate hence perform more efforts. Furthermore, males had a higher average of 15.40 seconds in the speed endurance test compared to 17.19 seconds for females, indicating that males have greater lactate tolerance due to developed anaerobic adaptations including muscular hypertrophy (Appendix 1). As men have a greater lactate tolerance, they can work at higher anaerobic intensities for longer durations, therefore perform more maximal efforts such as repetitively

The Wingate Anaerobic Test is used to evaluate anaerobic cycling performance. This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a relationship between peak power and fatigue index for endurance (n=9) vs power (n=4) athletes. A total of 13 subjects, including 8 males and 5 females, were included in the study. The subjects were divided into sporting types, such as endurance and power. Data collected from the Wingate test included peak power (W), mean power (W), time to peak (S), minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%). When the peak power and fatigue index were considered together for endurance athletes, a significant relationship

This test showed which players would be more suitable to the middle position, as they are fitter. It is also specific to the nature of touch football, due to the short sharp turns. The second aerobic capacity test we completed was the 12 minute run. For this test we had to run for 12 minutes trying to complete the maximum distance we could. My ratings for this test were good, (see appendix 1). These tests can be related to touch football, as touch football requires aerobic fitness because players need to be able to last a 40 minute game of continuous running. Even though in touch you have a number of subs, you are continuously subbing on and off. You do not get much rest, as the game is very vigorous. Aerobic capacity is mainly for the middle position in touch football, as they have to run a lot more during the game and are the fittest players on the field, (SportingPulse, 2013).

D1 outline the relationships between the cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems before, during and after a sporting activity

This group will start the testing by attaining the medical records of the player to see if he is physically and physiologically capable to perform such strenuous activities. After that information is attained we will start by testing the player’s endurance with a two mile run and monitor the times, heart rate, Vo2 max, and try to evaluate the lactic threshold. Thereafter in the following days, we will attain the midfielder’s 1RM in all multiple joint lifts giving us a baseline for our percentages.

This term in PE we have been focusing on energy systems and exercise physiology principles in Touch Football. In touch there are three positions: middle, link and wing. My fitness results, when compared to an Australian Touch Association player (ATA player), are only satisfactory. My speed and cardiovascular endurance were within range of ATA players but my agility was not, therefore, I have chosen wing as my best-suited position as the key fitness components for this position are speed, agility, power and cardiovascular endurance. In order for me to improve in my least acquired skill, agility, I must incorporate agility based skill exercises into my Dingo Flats training program. The purpose of this presentation is to present and evaluate the

For this term’s HPE unit, we have learnt about core physiological principles as well as fitness and training concepts, and how this would relate to touch football. This knowledge was then utilised to design, evaluate and modify an individual one week training program (microcycle) to enhance performance in touch football. The task of this assessment is to analyse the training program upon completion, by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses and finally modifying this ‘microcycle’ to rectify any weaknesses that may have be identified.

This is to effectively manage fatigue, and prevent overreaching and overtraining. There are multiple variations of periodization; these include traditional, block periodization and concurrent periodization. Each one maintain different views as to which is the most effective. Every athlete is different and every sport is different, so hence there is no right model. However, based on the current athlete and baseball as his career, a traditional ‘Linear’ and ‘non-linear’ model have been used as the concept of planning for success. The linear model increases the intensity while decreasing the volume throughout the plan. This will be utilised during the offseason and preseason, furthering allow gradual increases in load and to prevent too many fluctuations. Issurin (2010) illustrated that the traditional model is linear, however there does exist a need for the loads to fluctuate and stated it was in fact required. While having a series of benefits, it has also demonstrated various limitations and draw backs throughout the decades when applying to team sports and multi-peaking competitions. These limitations include excessive fatigue accumulation, decrease in certain fitness components due to inconsistent training. Intensive training dramatically increases the risk of over training (Issurin 2012). However, the traditional periodization approach will still be effective if there is the correct and efficient player monitoring tools. Therefore, various forms of player monitoring will be conducted at different stages of training. This will be discussed at a later section of the justification. Another view is that it does not provide enough physiological strain for the athlete to progress. However if player monitoring is effective and programming is flexible to change, then the traditional model is suitable for the current athlete. Lastly, traditional ‘linear and

The fourth, and most significant, response to training that a touch football player would experience is a change in their oxygen uptake. Maximal oxygen uptake, or max VO2, is considered by professionals to be the best guide for cardiorespiratory

The beep test, which gives a good indication of aerobic fitness through the use of a VO2 Max rating in order to determine the standard scores. According to Figure 12.6 on page 234, my pre-training beep test result was rated as poor with an approximate VO2 Max of 38.85. Through the use of Figure 12.55 on page 260, my result from the Creatine Phosphate Recovery Test also shows that my ATP-CP system was not developed to a standard which typical middle players, in touch football, would be. Along with the beep test and the phosphate recovery test, the glycolic agility test was only rated fair according to Figure 12.50 on page 256. These three tests show that I am not fit to be playing in the middle or link positions as my agility and aerobic fitness is not up to standard. Figure 12.36 on page 248 tells me that my sit and reach result has a rating of fair. This tells us that I may be prone to injury and will not have a great range of motion within my running technique. Finally, the 40-metre sprint was my best test result coming out with an average rating according to Figure 12.52 on page 257. This test result suggests that wing may be my best position in touch football. This is because I am close to the speed required, but not the aerobic endurance and agility needed for the middle and link

A study by (Bulbulian, 1996) showed that aerobic capacity can be increased by high intensity interval training rather than through steady state, long aerobic training. This study also showed that repeated sprints with minimal rest intervals could increase VO2max; therefore decrease recovery time (Bulbulian, 1996). These factors have to be kept in mind when training an athlete of this caliber. All aspects of energy production should be trained including the ATP-PC system for short explosive movements, including the initial pitch or quick reaction towards the ball; glycolysis for both anaerobic and aerobic recovery and the aerobic system for from muscular endurance to be able to recover the energy in muscles needed for continuous pitching. It is important for a pitcher to have a well-balanced work out regime to improve all aspects of the sport. Creating a yearlong schedule to improve these aspects is the goal for the periodization program. The implementation of sport specific exercises and understanding how the body works, with inclusion of recovery time, and metabolic pathways for energy expenditure, will influence the success of both the program and the

Physical and mental strength plays a major role in a football player’s life. Football is a twelve month process, which consists of off- season (six months), in -season (five months), and the Transition (one month). During off-season the football player’s main goal is gaining strength, size, and much power, in-season they continue to practice and work on maintaining the gains in strength during the off-season, and the transition is when they rest and recuperate their body from the physical exercise. Football players are constantly bumped and knocked down during practices

The main objective of this study was to determine if a one-day per week aerobic interval training program had an effect on maximal aerobic capacity in women’s collegiate soccer athletes prior to and immediately after a competitive season. The authors state that the one-day running program was adapted from previous studies that showed to improve aerobic capacity in soccer athletes. The athletes were tested for maximal oxygen consumption using an incremental treadmill test.

1. Soccer is one of the most demanding of all sports. The game is played on one of the largest fields of any sport, for the longest sustained time and with the least amount of breaks. Players in a soccer team are in continuous activity as they compete for loose balls, move to encourage teammates, rotate positions and run to make a space or test opponents. Running, jumping, sprinting movements in relation with sudden changes of acceleration and route outweigh the play. The power of the game ranges between low-level activities such as walking or jogging to ones of high intensity such as sprinting . This is what is known as intermittent exercise. The rhythm of soccer is dynamic and constantly changing, which is a characteristic that divides it from other endurance sports , this suggests that in order for a midfielder to successfully endure for the entire 90 minutes all three energy systems assist in different stages although the ATP/PC system is dominant.