1. As we saw in problem set 2, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the United States labor force labor force was 162,294,000 persons in December of 2021. Assuming that 2.0% of the labor force is engaged in R&D at an efficiency rate of 1/200 per million persons per year: (a) If R&D is the only source of total-factor productivity growth what is the growth rate of labor efficiency in the United States? (b) If the growth rate of total factor productivity is 0.8% per year, what is the value of a in the Cobb-Douglas production function?

1. As we saw in problem set 2, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the United States labor force labor force was 162,294,000 persons in December of 2021. Assuming that 2.0% of the labor force is engaged in R&D at an efficiency rate of 1/200 per million persons per year: (a) If R&D is the only source of total-factor productivity growth what is the growth rate of labor efficiency in the United States? (b) If the growth rate of total factor productivity is 0.8% per year, what is the value of a in the Cobb-Douglas production function?

Exploring Economics

8th Edition

ISBN:9781544336329

Author:Robert L. Sexton

Publisher:Robert L. Sexton

Chapter20: Economic Growth In The Global Economy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P

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The current population of the United States is 327.2 million with 2.2% of the population is engaged in R&D at an efficiency rate of 1/375 per million persons per year. If R&D is the only source of total-factor productivity growth what is the growth rate of total factor productivity in the United States?
(i) What were the main two components of the gain in labor productivity from 1901 to 2016? What was the proportional contribution of each? (ii) How does ‘capital deepening’ occur? (iii) What causes ‘multifactor productivity’ to increase?
Write out the equation for output growth with capital, labor and total factor productivityas determinants of growth. Suppose that the shares of capital and labor are respectively0 .3 and 0.7. If labor supply grows by 10% what would be the growth rate of outputassuming that there is no change in the other determinants? What would happen to percapita output if labor supply growth is entirely due to population growth?
The “graying of America” will substantially increase the fraction of the population that is retired in the decades to come. To illustrate the implications for U.S. living standards, suppose that over the 56 years following 2016 the share of the population that is working returns to its 1960 level, while average labor productivity increases at the same rate as it did during 1960–2016. Under this scenario, what would be the net change in real GDP per person between 2016 and 2072? Year Average labor productivity Share of population employed 1960 47,263 36.4% 2016 110,384 46.8% Instructions: Enter your response as whole numbers for dollar values and rounded to one decimal place for percentages.Real GDP per person in 2016: $51,660 (need help) Real GDP per person in 2072: $ (need help) Net change in real GDP per person between 2016 and 2072: $____________ , which is an increase of___________ % from 2016.
The “graying of America” will substantially increase the fraction of the population that is retired in the decades to come. To illustrate the implications for U.S. living standards, suppose that over the 56 years following 2016 the share of the population that is working returns to its 1960 level, while average labor productivity increases at the same rate as it did during 1960–2016. Under this scenario, what would be the net change in real GDP per person between 2016 and 2072? Year Average labor productivity Share of population employed 1960 47,263 36.4% 2016 110,384 46.8% Instructions: Enter your response as whole numbers for dollar values and rounded to one decimal place for percentages.(need help)Real GDP per person in 2016: $ (need help) Real GDP per person in 2072: $ (need help) Net change in real GDP per person between 2016 and 2072: $____________ , which is an increase of___________ % from 2016.
How do unemployment rates and economic growth affect individuals, businesses, communities, and the overall well-being of the nation? Be sure to think critically about the distributional consequences and potential inequalities associated with these issues.
Suppose that in Country 1 the growth rates of multifactor productivity (a), capital (k), and labor (h) are 2.5, 3, and 1 percent per year, respectively, and that capital’s share of output (b) equals 0.25. Initially output per hour equals 40 in Country 1 and 10 in Country 2. (a) Calculate the labor productivity growth rate in Country 1. (b) Calculate output per hour in Country 1 at the end of ten, twenty, and thirty years. (c) Suppose that the labor productivity grows four times as fast in Country 2 as it does in Country 1 for the first ten years, three times as fast for the second ten years, and twice as fast for the third ten years. Calculate output per hour in Country 2 at the end of ten, twenty, and thirty years. (d) Calculate Country 2’s output per hour as a percentage of Country 1’s output per hour at the end of ten, twenty, and thirty years. Are these calculations consistent with the predictions of the Solow growth model?
Assume that a country's production function is Y = K1/2L1/2 and there is no population growthor technological change.a. What is the per-worker production function y = f (k)?b. Assume that the country possesses 40,000 units of capital and 10,000 units of labor. What isY? What is labor productivity computed from the per-worker production function? Is thisvalue the same as labor productivity computed from the original production function?c. Assume that 10 percent of capital depreciates each year. What gross saving rate isnecessary to make the given capital–labor ratio the steady-state capital–labor ratio? (Hint:In a steady state with no population growth or technological change, the saving ratemultiplied by per-worker output must equal the depreciation rate multiplied by the capital–labor ratio.)d. If the saving rate equals the steady-state level, what is consumption per worker? Only D, other option answered
Assume that a country's production function is Y = K1/2L1/2 and there is no population growthor technological change.a. What is the per-worker production function y = f (k)?b. Assume that the country possesses 40,000 units of capital and 10,000 units of labor. What isY? What is labor productivity computed from the per-worker production function? Is thisvalue the same as labor productivity computed from the original production function?c. Assume that 10 percent of capital depreciates each year. What gross saving rate isnecessary to make the given capital–labor ratio the steady-state capital–labor ratio? (Hint:In a steady state with no population growth or technological change, the saving ratemultiplied by per-worker output must equal the depreciation rate multiplied by the capital–labor ratio.)d. If the saving rate equals the steady-state level, what is consumption per worker?
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The capital accumulation theory of economic growth that economies attain growth through saving invested in increasing the capital resources in the economy fails to take account of which of the following factors? a) For capital accumulation to produce economic growth it has to be the right type of capital that can be applied to the production of goods desired by society. b) The capital created has to be efficient. Savings may be squandered by producing capital goods that consume a lot of resources to produce, produce poor quality goods, or are wasteful of other resources. c) For capital to be productive there must be appropriate infrastructure including transportation and communication systems, banking and legal systems, as well as requisite natural resources and often appropriately skilled labor. d) Societies may still squander the wealth created by capital accumulation and in the long-run limit the growth of the economy. e) All of the above
Suppose an economy’s production function is Y = AKαL1−α. If the annual rate of economic growth is 3.5 per cent and labour and capital are both growing by 2 per cent annually, what contribution to growth is made by total factor productivity? You can assume that labour receives 75 per cent of the total income generated in this economy.