13. In the DPLL algorithm for the satisfiability problem of propositional logic clauses given in conjunctive normal form, once some clause contains only one literal that can be made true (because the choices made on that search path have already assigned every other literal in that clause to be false), that literal will be automatically chosen as the next literal to be assigned the value in backtracking without any branching on that recursion level. What is the name of this important speedup technique? (a) Unit propagation (b) Pure literal elimination (c) Index resolution (d) Refutation clause learning

For those who may not be familiar, what exactly does it mean to give anything "critical consideration?" Let me know what you think about this assertion.

After everything is said and done, what will Al be used for? Explain briefly the main groups and provide two examples for each.

Shorter and easier explanation ?

Q1. Read the following passage carefully and explain the contextual meaning of the underlined words/phrases with reference to this text. Also write the main idea of the passage in your own words and give it a title. (10) People manage their emotions in different ways, depending on their personality and the culture they live in. In western culture, for instance, crying is usually seen as a sign of weakness, especially for men. Research has shown, however, that crying it out makes people feel better. So perhaps we should encourage our children to wear their hearts on their sleeves more often. It has become a widely accepted idea that, instead of bottling up the emotions, one should ventilate one's emotions once in a while. One should blow off steam in order to avoid sudden explosions. However, one emotion may prove to be an exception: anger. In fact, ventilating anger is one of the worst ways to cool down: outbursts of rage typically pump up the arousal, leaving people feeling angrier,…

Could you perhaps elaborate on what we mean when we state that the criteria need to be all-encompassing and arranged in a logical fashion?

Imagine you are an avid movie goer and you prepared a list of n movies you are considering watching. As a thorough researcher, you prepared a list of k friends, whose movie advice you trust.  For each movie, you are debating whether to either see it or speak to all of your friends and hear their recommendations. A more efficient approach is to choose between watching the movie and speaking with at least one trusted movie recommender friend. This approach will take a total of t hours.  Prove that the problem is NP-hard.