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- 1. Which of the following best describes glycogen? A. a fibrous protein that helps in maintaining cellular structure B. a storage polysaccharide found in plants C. has alpha 1-6 glyosidic bonds. D. is formed by the hydrolysis of glucose molecules. 2. Which part of an amino acid gives it its unique identity? A. the long carbon-hydrogen tails of the molecule B. the carboxyl and amino groups C. the components of its side chain D. the glycerol molecule that forms the backbone of the amino acid1.Linoleic acid and linoleic acid cannot be synthesized in human tissues, because of _____. * a.Human cells cannot synthesize unsaturated fatty acids. b.Human cells can synthesize only mono-unsaturated fatty acids. c.The corresponding biosynthetic pathway was lost during evolution. d.Humans are diploid organisms; only polyploidy organisms have enough genes for the synthesis of these fatty acids 2.What product could be formed from the breakdown of amylopectin and cellulose? * a.Cellulose could be broken down into chitin b.Cellulose could be broken down into sucrose c.Amylopectin could be broken down into maltose d.Amylopectin could be broken down into glucosamine 3. Which characteristics distinguishes amylopectin and glycogen? * a.Only glycogen has a coiled shape. b.They have different degrees of branching c.Only amylopectin can form hydrogen bonds d.They have different types of glycosidic bond1. Make a series (at least 3) of drawings to show the three dehydration synthesis reactions that take place between the two Fatty Acids, the Phosphate Head and the Glycerol. Show the water molecules made. a) Label the following on the completed phospholipid: hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the molecule, fatty acids, phosphate group, and glycerol. b) Compare the structure of the phospholipid to that of a triglyceride. How are the two molecules Similar? How are they different? 2. Use the following vocabulary to label and draw a cell membrane: cytoplasm (cell lumen) extra-cellular fluid hydrophobic hydrophilic polar head non-polar tails a) How many O-H groups are there? And are the O-H areas of sucrose polar or non-polar? b) What is the term that is used to discuss how tightly or loosely an atom's nucleus has a hold of its valence electrons?
- 2. Draw the condensed structural formula for the triacylglycerol made from 3 saturated fatty acids that are 18 carbons long. Using your diagram from #2 as the reactant, draw the full equation (using condensed structural formulas) for this triacylglycerol undergoing enzyme hydrolysis, using lipase.1. a. Explain why the melting point of palmitic acid (16 carbons, no double bonds) is slightly lower thanthat of stearic acid (18 carbons, no double bonds). Explain why the melting point of oleic acid (18carbons, one double bond) is lower than that of stearic acid b. A mixture of lipids containing phosphatidic acid, cholesterol, testosterone, phosphatidylserine, andphosphatidylethanolamine was applied to a hydrophobic interaction chromatography column. Thecolumn was washed with a high salt buffer, and the lipids were then eluted with decreasing saltconcentrations. In what order would the lipids be eluted from the column? Explain your answer.1. Name the process by which rice can become porridge or congee. Give details of the process in relation to the example. 2.(a) What is the name of the fat after hydrogenation? Draw a hydrogenated fatty acid. (Please include the atoms involved in the molecule) 2.(b) Give an example of hydrogenated fats from vegetable oil. How are these fats harmful to our health? 4. Briefly describe the digestion of this form of carbohydrate described in (iv) in mouth and small intestine before absorption. 6. Part Stomach secretes a chemical that makes it to have a low pH. Name this chemical and give TWO functions of this chemical. 6.e One structural feature in F facilitates absorption of nutrients. Name this structure.
- 3. One of the triacylglycerols found in corn oil contains palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. During the production of spreadable margarine, all of the double bonds in this triacylglycerol are converted from cis to trans isomers. Linoleic acid: CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOHLinolenic acid: CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Palmitic acid: CH3(CH2)14COOH a. Identify the unsaturated fatty acid(s) listed above and provide the associated omega designation. b. Draw an accurate representation of the structure of the triacylglycerol present in spreadable margarine. Circle all ester bonds in the structure you have drawn.Although the first two carbons of fructose and glucose are identical in structure to DHAP and GADP (from glycolysis), DHAP and GADP equilibriate on their in solution to favor the ketone over the aldehyde, while fructose and glucose do not. Why? a)The larger size of the molecule sterically hinders the isomerization b)The larger sugars have more OH groups which hydrogen bond and disrupt isomerization c)The larger sugars cyclize, and there is no carbonyl to isomerize in the cyclic form d)The larger sugars cyclize, and in the cyclic form the hydrogen bonding is very strong e)The larger sugars are less soluble in water than the smaller sugars1. Draw the structure of triglyceride containing the fatty acids palmitic, oleic, and linoleic. How many Hydrogen atoms are needed in the its catalytic hydrogenation? 2. Draw the structure of Phosphatidylserine that contains oleic and arachidonic acid. What role does it play in the cell?
- 1. What reactive groups are involved in the joining of glycerol and fatty acids?2. Which one of these reactive groups is part of the glycerol molecule?3. Which one of these reactive groups is part of the fatty acid molecule?4. If lots of acetyl-CoA is being formed in the mitochondrial matrix, a particular compound will be exported into the cytosol. a.What compound is this? b. What effect does this compound have on fatty acid synthesis? c. How does the compound produce this effect?1. The following unsaturated fatty acids can be found in seminal fluid and act on smooth muscles. a.Linoleic acids b.Oleic acids c.Prostaglandins d.Nervonic acids 2. The process involved when fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage is? a.hydrolysis b.oxidation c.phosphorylation d.esterification
