sub= 18 help 9.When glucagon binds to its receptor in liver cells, PFK-2/FBPase-2 becomesphosphorylateddephosphorylated. (circle correct response)What reaction is now catalyzed by PFK-2/FBPase-2? Show the reaction using names, notstructures.Which gluconeogenic enzyme is directly affected by this reaction?Does it become more or less active?morelessWhich glycolytic enzyme is directly affected by this reaction?Does it become more or less active?lessmore

The balance between the rate of glucose leaving and entering the blood circulation determines the…

Answered: When glucagon binds to its receptor in…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter22: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, And The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8P

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1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?
5. How does the epinephrine hormone regulate glycogen catabolism in the liver and muscle? Please provide sequential steps involved in the regulation (inhibition or activation) of each enzyme in the form of a sketch.
1) How is the TCA cycle regulated? a) Draw the TCA diagram that fills in all possible regulation points.
The drug troglitazone was used to treat diabetes but was withdrawn from the market when patientswho took the drug suffered from severe side effects. The data below show the activity of an enzymein the steroid biosynthetic pathway in the presence and absence of 10 µM troglitazone.[S] (µM) v0 (pmol min-1)Create a plot of 1/v0 vs. 1/[S]. Calculate KM and vmax in presence and absence of inhibitor. Whattype of inhibitor is troglitazone? Clearly support your answer.
7. Organophosphates, which are found in a lot of insecticides, block the activity of acetylcholineesterase. What might be a result of blocking this important enzyme? A)Hyperstimulation of the nicotinic receptor B)Accelerated ACh breakdown in the synaptic cleft C)Muscle paralysis due to limited activity in the muscle cell
1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.
Radiolabeling with 14C-Glutamate Describe the labeling pattern that would result from the introduction into the TCA cycle of glutamate labeled at Cy with 14C.
3. In one or two words, explain the following statement: In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although one might expect glucagon to also stimulate catabolism of glucose formed, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver.
6. If inhibitor X changes lactase activity to a Vo of 0.333333333333 mM per minute when [S] = 2.0 mM, and a Vo of 0.50 mM per minute when [S] = 3.33333333333 mM, calculate the new Vmax. 1.0 mM per minute 2.0 mM per minute 2.5 mM per minute 5.0 mM per minute 10.0 mM per minute 7. Calculate the new Km of the lactase reaction with inhibitor X. 1.0 mM 2.0 mM 2.5 mM 5.0 mM 10.0 mM 8. Calculate the slope on a Lineweaver-Burk plot (Km / Vmax) for the lactase reaction with inhibitor X. 1.0 per minute 2.0 per minute 2.5 per minute 5.0 per minute 10.0 per minute Inhibitor X exerts which of the following effects on the above enzyme (lactase)? uncompetitive inhibition mixed noncompetitive inhibition competitive inhibition pure noncompetitive inhibition all of the above
1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?
1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids. 2. Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.
9. The transamination of the amino acid aspartate is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. A) Draw out the mechanism for aspartate aminotransferase - you don’t need to show the subsequent formation of glutamate by the transaminase. B) After transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to generate a molecule of glucose from two aspartates. How many ATP equivalents would this consume? C) After the transamination, write out the subsequent steps (no mechanisms) to fully oxidize aspartate into CO2 through malate (see above). How many ATP equivalents would this produce?

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