3) So far we have assumed that the fiscal policy variables G and T are independent of the levels of income. In the real world, however, this is not the case. Taxes typically depend on the level of income, and so tend to be higher when income is higher. In this problem we examine how this automatic response of taxes can help reduce the impact of changes in autonomous spending on output. Consider the following behavioral equations: C=C₁+C₂YD+ T = t₁ +t₁Y+ YD=Y-T< e G and I are both constant. Assume that t₁ is between zero and one. a. Solve for equilibrium output. b. What is the multiplier? Does the economy respondmore to changes in autonomous spending when t, is zero or when t, is positive? Explain. c. Why is fiscal policy in this case called an automatic stabilizer?

3) So far we have assumed that the fiscal policy variables G and T are independent of the levels of income. In the real world, however, this is not the case. Taxes typically depend on the level of income, and so tend to be higher when income is higher. In this problem we examine how this automatic response of taxes can help reduce the impact of changes in autonomous spending on output. Consider the following behavioral equations: C=C₁+C₂YD+ T = t₁ +t₁Y+ YD=Y-T< e G and I are both constant. Assume that t₁ is between zero and one. a. Solve for equilibrium output. b. What is the multiplier? Does the economy respondmore to changes in autonomous spending when t, is zero or when t, is positive? Explain. c. Why is fiscal policy in this case called an automatic stabilizer?

Exploring Economics

8th Edition

ISBN:9781544336329

Author:Robert L. Sexton

Publisher:Robert L. Sexton

Chapter24: Fiscal Policy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P

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1. Consider an economy with the initial equilibrium income level of $1000 and the consumption function of C = $150 + 0.6 (Y - T). Find the following quantities:a. Government expenditures at the equilibrium level of income if T = $160 and I = $100.b. The change in income produced by increasing taxes 10%, provided that G and I remain unchanged. What is the tax multiplier?c. The change in income produced by increasing government expenditures 10%, provided that T and I remain unchanged. What is the government spending multiplier?d. Based on your answers to (b) and (c), does the balanced budget multiplier theorem hold?
Please check the solution to (a) and (b) of the following problem for accuracy and elaborate: Given MPC (marginal propensity to consume) = 0.75, if the government implements an expansionary fiscal policy as (a) cutting taxes by $10 billion, then by how much would total spending increase over an infinite period? (b) spending $10 billion, then by how much would total spending increase over an infinite period? MPC = 0.75 Tax multiplier = (-MPC / 1) = (-0.75 / 1 – 0.75) = (-0.75 / 0.25) = -3. (a) Cutting taxes by $10 billion. The total spending increase by (-3) (-$10 billion) = $30 billion. Spending multiplier = (1/1 – MPC) = (1 / 1 – 0.75) = 1 / 0.25 = 4 (b) Spending 1ncrease by 10 billion. The total spending increase by (4) ($10 billion) = $40 billion.
Suppose the government uses a balanced-budget policy, Önancing its expenditure bylump-sum taxes (i.e., G = T) Suppose the government wants to achieve the same output level as in the no-taxcase in 1 (b) above. (output level = 3800)i. Does it have to increase or decrease its expenditure (G) and taxes (T) with G = T , and by how much?ii. What is the value of the balanced-budget multiplier?iii. In the no-tax case in 1 (b); the G-policy can eliminate any trade imbalance(i.e., make NX = 0). Would the government be able to achieve exact tradebalance as well under the balanced-budget policy here? If not, would therebe a trade surplus or trade deficit, and how big is the surplus/deficit
Suppose that the MPS = 0.2 and the government is interested in raising the level of output in the economy by $100 billion. Calculate how much the government would have to spend to achieve this objective. Define the tax multiplier and give the algebraic expression. Assume that the government spending multiplier is equal to 4. Calculate the tax multiplier from this information. Calculate how much output would expand by if the government increased spending by $500 billion and financed this spending by increasing lump-sum taxes by the same amount
Consider the following consumption function: C (Y)=0.8(Y-T) where Y represents income and T represents net taxes. Suppose that investment, I, is 100; government spending, G, is 200; and, net taxes, T, are 100. 1)The equilibrium level of output is: a. 1200 b. 900 c. 1100 d. 1000 Tha values for the government expenditure and tax multipliers are, respectively: a. 5 and -4 b. -2 and 2 c. 2 and 2 d. 2 and 4
1. combine the budget constraints of the consumer and government to demonstrate that the timing of taxes doesn't affect the timing of consumption in the two-period model, thus establishing that the Ricardian equivalence theorem holds. • Specifically: Report down and label the consumer's budget constraint and the government's budget constraint in the current and future period and then combine them, showing your work by labelling this step. When you have arrived at a point where you can show that Ricardian equivalence holds circle your answer and write a (at most) brief description of how to interpret your result. 2.Relate the permanent income hypothesis to the Ricardian equivalence theorem.
Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Suppose that the typical Canadian spends 80 percent of their income. There is an income tax rate is 15% per period. If the government wanted to see the effect of a tax cut of $50 billion, what would be the tax multiplier that they would have to use.
Consider the following model i) C = 1500 + mpc (Y – tY)ii) I = 800iii) G = 500iv) X – M = 500 – mpi (Y)where:t = the (flat) tax ratempc = the marginal propensity toconsumempi = the marginal propensity toimportsuppose mpc = .80, t = .25, mpi =.2 a. solve for the equilibrium outputb. Solve for the (government) spending multiplier.c When we discussed the multiplier we discussed the impact effect. For example, suppose that G increases by 100 to 600 and we assume, as we often do, that firms match the increase in demand by increasing Y by 100. In round two, this is an increase in income of 100 to consumers. Trace out exactly where this 100 increase in income goes in the second round and compare to our simpler treatment with a closed economy and lump sum taxes. Hint, there are three leakages to address(again, please be very specific as to where the 100 increase income ‘goes’ in this second round).d. What would happen to the multiplier if the mpi rises to .25. Please explain the intuition.
Suppose that autonomous consumption (a) is 300, private investment spending (I) is 420, government spending (G) is 400 , Net taxes (T) are 400 and marginal propensity to consume (b) is 80 %, and marginal tax rate (t) is 25 % . By using the above information: a) Find the equilibrium value of national income and show it on a graph. b) Suppose that the potential income level is 2500 in the economy. In this case, what kind of fiscal policy you can use to reach the full employment level. (show this numerically and explain it on your graph) Thank you.
Suppose that autonomous consumption (a) is 300, private investment spending (I) is 420, government spending (G) is 400 , Net taxes (T) are 400 and marginal propensity to consume (b) is 80 %, and marginal tax rate (t) is 25 % . By using the above information: a)Find the equilibrium value of national income and show it on a graph b) Suppose that the potential income level is 2500 in the economy. In this case, what kind of fiscal policy you can use to reach the full employment level. (show this numerically and explain it on your graph)
Suppose there is a bill to increase the tax on cigarettes by $1 per pack coupled with an income tax cut of $500. Suppose a person smokes an average of 500 packs of cigarettes per year—and would thus face a tax increase of about $500 per year from the cigarette tax at the person’s current level of consumption. The income tax measure would increase the person’s after-tax income by $500. Would the combined measures be likely to have any effect on the person’s consumption of cigarettes? Why or why not?
Use the following information to answer questions 1, 2, and 3. Suppose that the government of Uplandia is experiencing a large budget deficit with fixed government expenditures of G=375 and fixed taxes of T= 225. Assume that consumers of Uplandia behave as described in the following consumption function: C = 450 + 0.96 (Y - T) Suppose further that investment spending is fixed at 300. 1. Calculate the equilibrium level of GDP in Uplandia. Solve for equilibrium levels of Y, C, and S. 2. Next, assume that the National Congress in Uplandia succeeds in reducing taxes by 89 to a new fixed level of 136. Recalculate the equilibrium level of GDP using the tax multiplier. 3. Solve for equilibrium levels of Y, C, and S after the tax cut and check to ensure that the multiplier worked.