3. The maximum quantity of energy available for useful work in a system undergoing change is: A) constant D) the internal energy B) the free energy C) the entropy E) none of these

Q: When the entropy change of the surroundings is negative, the enthalpy change for system cannot be…

A: ∆S universe= ∆S system+ ∆S surrounding. Given that ∆S uni.= -ve. The reaction is non spontaneous.…

Q: Calculate the maximum work done when pressure on 10 g of hydrogen is reduced from 20 to one…

A: Isothermal process : It is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system remains…

Q: a spontaneous process increass the entropy of ? the system the surroundings  the universe  None…

A: Answer is option (c) entropy of the universe increase

Q: Cite at least 3 examples of non-spontaneous phenomena.

A: This question belong to thermodynamics concept of spontaneity. We know that, ∆G = ∆H-T∆S…

Q: The rusting of iron is spontaneous and is accompanied by a decrease in the entropy of the system…

A:

Q: Consider reaction of Hydrogen with Oxygen to form liquid water.  What is the statndard molar entropy…

A: The reaction taking place is given between hydrogen and oxygen to produce water. Hence the reaction…

Q: In a particular spontaneous process, the entropy of the system decreases. What can you conclude…

A: Spontaneous process: In thermodynamical terms, a spontaneous process is a process in which…

Q: Which of the following thermodynamic quantities is not a state function? a) Gibbs free energy b)…

A: Thermodynamics is branch of chemistry in which we deal with amount of heat evolved or absorbed by…

Q: Discuss the Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions?

A:

Q: 4. Entropy can be represented mathematically by magnitude a. AS = -1 b. AS # 0 c. AS = +1

A: Gibbs Free energy (∆G) =∆H - T∆S where ∆H = Enthalpy change             T = Temperature           ∆S…

Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Thesecond law of thermodynamics says that…

A: (a) The statement is false, because entropy created is distributed to the surroundings. Entropy…

Q: Which of the following is TRUE for a spontaneous process? Ο ΔΗΤAS

A: In this question we have to tell the condition for the spontaneous process.

Q: Can a perpetual motion machine exists given the laws of thermodynamics?

A: Perpetual motion machine: It is an idealistic concept which moves indefinitely without any energy…

Q: In a particular spontaneous process, the number of microstates availableto the system decreases.…

A:

Q: In the second step of the Carnot cycle, what is the change in internal energy? RT „In O C,(T,-T,)…

A:

Q: What is the significance of entropy being a state function?

A:

Q: whether the entropy change will be positive or negative wl

A: The total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any process and it never…

Q: (a) (i) What are the thermodynamic quantities of a system that affect the amount and sign of the…

A:

Q: 1. Briefly distinguish between the following: a) Spontaneous and Reversible processes b) Entropy and…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three subparts for…

Q: All things trend toward disorder. When cups of hot milk are left on the table for a long period of…

A: Suniv > 0, where Suniv is the change in the universe's entropy. Entropy is a measure of a…

Q: 9. For any substance, the only case entropy has a zero value, when *

A: The third law of thermodynamics :  The law states that the entropy of a purely and perfectly crystal…

Q: Consider the reaction 2B1F3(g)- →Br2(g) + 3F2(g) The standard free energy change for this reaction…

A: We have to calculate Gibbs free energy .

Q: A concept connected with the Second Law of Thermodynamics is the concept of a reversible process…

A: The IInd Law of thermodynamics basically states that the energy (heat) is not able to shift from an…

Q: Which statement is incorrect? (a) At constant pressure, ∆? = ∆? + ?∆? (b) The thermodynamic symbol…

A: Endothermic process ==> energy is absorbed its +ve. Exothermic process ===> energy is…

Q: What is the third law of thermodynamics? How does the third law relate to the calorimetric entropy…

A: Thermodynamics relates to the heat, temperature, and energy of chemical reactions. It studies the…

Q: What is the entropy change for an adiabatic reversible process? O Zero O Negative O One O Positive

A: In an adiabatic reversible process, there is no change of heat in the process.

Q: s) False Entropy changes in the system are primarily determined by heat flow in and out of the…

A:

Q: Calculate the entropy, S, when a. W = 18.6 b. W = 50.63 c. W = 14.7 d. W = 2.90

A:

Q: What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics andwhat are their defining equations?

A: Thermodynamics deals with the heat, work, energy and temperature phenomenon. There are four laws…

Q: what do you mean by reversible work. describe briefly

A: In a thermodynamic process, there can be of two types of processes namely reversible and…

Q: Which of the following definitions correlate to the term spontaneous change? O Possible…

A: Spontaneous process: A spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to…

Q: Identify the false statement below: A) In reactions where solids are transformed into gases, the…

A: A) Since work done is given by  W = -PΔV where P = constant pressure  W = work  And ΔV = change in…

Q: For the reaction HCl(g) + NH3(g)------>NH4Cl(s) ΔG° = -98.5 kJ and ΔS° = -284.8 J/K at 272 K and 1…

A: The balanced reaction given is, => HCl (g) + NH3 (g) -----> NH4Cl (s)…

Q: Laws

A:

Q: Which of the following which is/are true about the internal energy, E?      (i)   E = Efinal –…

A: The change in internal energy is a state function which depends only on initial and final position.…

Q: Which of the following is false about the second law of thermodynamics? O It is not possible to…

A: The correct option is:

Q: What are the criteria for spontaneity(a) in terms of entropy and(b) in terms of free energy?

A: The Gibbs free energy is an important parameter to predict the feasibility of a process. The entropy…

Q: For a certain process that occurs at constant T and P, the value of ∆G is positive. Is the process…

A: A spontaneous reaction is accompanied by decrease in enthalpy (negative ∆H) and increase in entropy…

Q: What is entropy, and what is ΔS for a reaction, and what does it mean if ΔS is positive or negative?

A: Answer  The measurement of randomness is called entropy, entropy…

Q: Under what circumstance can the entropy of a system decrease for a spontaneous process?

A: For any spontaneous process process, the value of ΔG < 0 And since ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS

Q: For which of the following reactions will the entropy of the system decrease?

A: Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is the measure of randomness in a system.  . Greater the…

Q: Do you need to specify the temperature to calculate the entropy change?

A: The entropy change can be  calculated using the formula, Where,∆H standard enthalpy of formation…

Q: Predict the sign of the entropy change of the system for each of the following reactions.

A:

Q: Which one of the systems would have more entropy and why if there's 3 particles w a total energy of…

A: The systems given are, Given: The number of particles is 3 And the total energy of particles is 12…

Q: What do you mean by the term "Entropy?" How can use the entropy to explain spontaneous process? If…

A: Entropy is a thermodynamical term, which is thermodynamical state function, it measures the…

Q: In the second step of the Carnot cycle, what is the change in internal energy? V RT ,In- O C,(",-T,)…

A: Please find your solution below : Carnot cycle is an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in…

Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.

Glucogenesis

Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general  definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,