A society's environmental choices are important, both from a cost and impact perspective. The chart below provides an overview of four environmental strategies from a marginal cost (MC) and marginal benefit (MB) perspective. Review the MB and MC curves and determine which of these strategies is the least optimal in the sense that at this level of environmental protection society is forfeiting too many resources to reduce pollution. Marginal Cost Marginal Benefit 1 2 3 4 Environmental Protection Select the correct answer below: Price
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- Suppose the demand for standard sized bottled water in the US is Qd=120-30.5P where Qd is monthly quantity demanded in millions and P is the price per bottle in dollars and cents. If the marginal private cost (MPC) of producing the bottled water is one dollar, calculate the market equilibrium quantity. Explain what a constant marginal cost implies. Does that mean the total opportunity cost of producing bottled water is unrelated to how many are produced? Let’s assume that the marginal private benefit (MPB) of bottled water equals the marginal social benefit (MSB). Explain what that means. At the equilibrium calculated in part A, what do you know about buyers’ willingness to pay in each transaction?Consider the model of a rational consumer that cares about consumption of private goods and consumption of broadcast public television (a public good). Suppose that the total level of broadcast public television provided through voluntary contributions is 10 hours of programming. Then the government decides to raise money through a tax and provide 10 hours of programming to the public. What would we predict about crowd-out of voluntary contributions to broadcast public television when government does this? How would the answer change if consumers get warm glow utility from donating to broadcast public television in addition to utility from the public television itself? (Be specific.)The depletion of the ozone layer is attributed to the emission of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Before 1990, the use of coolants in refrigerators such as Freon released a significant amount of CFCs. Given the above scenario, is the equilibrium level of refrigerators produced prior to 1990 in the market “too much” or “too little” compared to the social optimum? Explain why this occurs. Support your answer by drawing the private and social, marginal cost and marginal benefit curves for refrigerators. Identify the deadweight loss if any exists. Identify a regulation that the government can use to achieve the socially optimal level of refrigerators. Explain how this regulation works. Explain how the Coase theorem could hypothetically work to achieve the optimal level of CFCs emissions in this context. Enumerate at least one major drawback that hinders the creation of a market for CFCs without any third party regulators in the real world. Assume that the marginal savings for refrigerator…
- Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.Q=100-P Costs $6 to purchase a pack of cigarettes each pack smoked does $6 worth of health damage and $5 worth of secondhand health damage All consumers are aware of these costs 1. Due to an introduction of a hyper-effective tobacco fertilizer, the cost of producing a pack of cigaretts decreases to $1. How does this affect the level of smoking and the level of social loss? 2. suppose the government decides to pursue a Pigovian solution to eliminte social loss. What sort of of tax or subsidy would they implement and what is the resulting quantity of cigarette packs purchased? 3. In the case of the Coase Theorem, it is said that the socially efficient level of smokeing will occur without government intervention. how are property rights established and why might the Coase Theorem not apply in this setting?Suppose a new social service is introduced by a government at a fixed cost of $3,000 (note: there is no marginal cost to provide this service). This service has not been provided before and there is no available substitute for this service. Economists have estimated the marginal benefit of the new service is given by: MB = 100 – Q where Q is the quantity (in hours) of the service that is used. Please note the MB gives both the marginal private benefit (MPB) and marginal social benefit (MSB) (i.e., MB = MPB = MSB). To ensure those that need the service the most are the ones that receive it, the government sets up an administrative mechanism to ration the 50 hours of service (e.g. people have to meet certain criteria that have to be checked). The cost to the government of setting up this mechanism is $500. Is it a good investment for the government to provide the service with this rationing mechanism in place? What is the net social benefit that is created? Explain your reasoning and…
- Suppose a new social service is introduced by a government at a fixed cost of $3,000 (note: there is no marginal cost to provide this service). This service has not been provided before and there is no available substitute for this service. Economists have estimated the marginal benefit of the new service is given by: MB = 100 – Q where Q is the quantity (in hours) of the service that is used. Please note the MB gives both the marginal private benefit (MPB) and marginal social benefit (MSB) (i.e., MB = MPB = MSB). Suppose that instead of using an administrative mechanism, the government imposes a price to ration the use of the service to recover part of its costs. What price should be introduced to ration the use of the service to 50 hours? What is the net social benefit when the service charge is used? How does charging a price compare to providing it for free and/or rationing? Be Hint(s): similarly, think about measuring the area of consumer surplus and compare it to the…Suppose a new social service is introduced by a government at a fixed cost of $3,000 (note: there is no marginal cost to provide this service). This service has not been provided before and there is no available substitute for this service. Economists have estimated the marginal benefit of the new service is given by: MB = 100 – Q where Q is the quantity (in hours) of the service that is used. Please note the MB gives both the marginal private benefit (MPB) and marginal social benefit (MSB) (i.e., MB = MPB = MSB). Now, suppose the $3,000 investment can only provide 50 hours of service. Please draw the supply and demand graph for this service. Make sure to use all relevant information from the above questions. Please label your graph carefully.Suppose a new social service is introduced by a government at a fixed cost of $3,000 (note: there is no marginal cost to provide this service). This service has not been provided before and there is no available substitute for this service. Economists have estimated the marginal benefit of the new service is given by: MB = 100 – Q where Q is the quantity (in hours) of the service that is used. Please note the MB gives both the marginal private benefit (MPB) and marginal social benefit (MSB) (i.e., MB = MPB = MSB). Compare the two mechanisms (administrative and price) for rationing the service. How do they compare in terms of efficiency (the size of the pie) and in terms of distributional impacts (the way the pie is divided up between the service users and taxpayers)?
- Suppose a new social service is introduced by a government at a fixed cost of $3,000 (note: there is no marginal cost to provide this service). This service has not been provided before and there is no available substitute for this service. Economists have estimated the marginal benefit of the new service is given by: MB = 100 – Q where Q is the quantity (in hours) of the service that is used. Please note the MB gives both the marginal private benefit (MPB) and marginal social benefit (MSB) (i.e., MB = MPB = MSB). The government imposes a price to ration use of the service to recover part of its costs. What price should be introduced to ration the use of the service to 50 hours? What is the net social benefit when the service charge is used? How does charging a price compare to providing it for free and/or rationing? Be Hint(s): similarly, think about measuring the area of consumer surplus and compare it to the governments cost. You may want to complete Q5 as you complete this…Sketch an externality graph (model) that is positive and demonstrates the vaccine market. Make sure to label the private vaccine usage amount (the amount of vaccines that are used in the market if the market is left to its own devices to find an equilibrium.) As well, mark the socially optimal level of vaccine usage if the gov. involves itself to reach a level of vaccine usage that gives all individuals protection from a deadly virus. Describe what the governments reason may be to select to subsidize the market for vaccines?Which one of the following is a definition of a merit good? A) Services which can only be provided by the government through taxesB) Goods which provide cear social and private benefits to consumersC) A good which can be produced by the market but would likely be under-consumedD) Goods which are beneficial in consumption but consumers are unaware of the extent of the benefitsE) Goods which are not capable of being provided by the market because they are excludable and rival Merit goods are an example of which of the following problems in economics:A) Free riderB) Principal-agentC) Tragedy of the CommonsD) Intertemporal choiceE) Excludable, non-rival goods provision De-merit goods have characteristics that if left the market mechanism, they are over consumed and impose private costs on the individual consume them, and also have wider social costs. Which of the following ways in which a government might seek to reduce consumption of of merit costs? Check all the apply A) Impose…