After Griffith injected the mouse with a heat-killed S strain and the live R strain, blood from the mouse contained live S strain. True or False?

Q: Why are the correct primer sequences essential for successful amplification?

A: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used method in molecular biology that is used to make…

Q: What would be the consequence of the mismatch repair system lacking the methylating enzyme?

A: There are several DNA repair pathways. Mismatch repair system is one of them. During DNA synthesis,…

Q: List three rules for designing primers?

A: A primer is short ,single strand DNA sequence used in the polymerase chain reaction. Primers are…

Q: 168cm and 57kg. What is the BMI?

A: The BMI is defined as the body mass index of a person and is found by dividing a person's weight in…

Q: What is a recombinant vector? How is a recombinant vector constructed? Explain how X-Gal is used in…

A: To transfer set of desired artificial or natural genes into target organisms employs the need of any…

Q: Why are the recombinants produced from an Hfr x F- crossrarely, if ever, F+?

A: There are many methods which the bacteria used for the transfer of genes from one organism to…

Q: What is a Watson–Crick base pair?

A: Two nucleotides in the complementary strands of the nucleic acids are connected to each other by…

Q: Consider the following types of cells: F+, F-, Hfr, and F’ cells. Which of these four types of cells…

A:

Q: In a conjugation experiment, How is the time of entry determined experimentally?

A: Bacterial conjugation is the transmission of bacterial genes via direct contact or by forming a…

Q: define wild-type ORF

A: The genes are located on the DNA which gets transcribed into mRNA through the process known as…

Q: Are forward and reverse primer are complementry to each other ?

A: Forward primers: Forward primers are one of the two types of primers used in a PCR setup. The main…

Q: What are the similarity and their differences between Benedict's and Fehling's tests?

A: Benedict's test and Fehling's test are used to determine the presence of sugars in solutions or…

Q: What is Sanger sequencing used for?

A: DNA sequencing is defined as a process in which DNA’s nucleotide sequence is determined. The main…

Q: Please describe the Watson-Crick proposal.

A:

Q: Is duplication a mutation?

A: Mutations are defined as the permanent change in the DNA’s base sequence. An agent that causes…

Q: How were the specific sequences of triplet codes determined experimentally?

A: The DNA genetic code comprises a set of rules and instructions to obtain proteins and molecules…

Q: Referring to the Meselson-Stahl experiment, what is the % hybrid (15N - 14N) in the 5th generation?

A: The Meselson-Stahl experiment was able to show that DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) replication occurs…

Q: What is an SNP?

A: Single nucleotide polymorphism is a substitution of a single nucleotide.

Q: Using the table below, what volume from the master mix will be dispensed to each sample tube if the…

A: Answer:  As we know, C1V1= C2V2, where C1 and C2 = initial and final concentrations V1 and V2 =…

Q: How Dolly Sheep was cloned?

A: Cloning was the most important discovery in the history of science. The dolly sheep was the fist…

Q: why did the frequency of the apparent separation vary depending on thegenes being studied?

A: The segments of DNA are the gene. These consist of code that is involved in the synthesis of a…

Q: What is a complementation test?

A: Genetics is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of genes including their structure,…

Q: What are Watson-Crick base pairs? Why are they important?

A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of biomolecule. It is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides…

Q: Why is it important to have a type strain for each species?

A: To describe: Why is it important to have a type strain for each species

Q: Why were both “+ DNA” and “- DNA” mixtures prepared and plated?

A: Both “+DNA” and “-DNA” mixtures prepared and plated because in the transformation protocol “+DNA”…

Q: What is the principle behind to Sanger sequencing?

A: Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing, which is based on selective incorporation of…

Q: A. Why are mammals hard to clone?  B. What were the names of the first two cloned cows?

A: According to the question, we have to mention the reason why mammals are hard to clone. In addition…

Q: In a transformation experiment, donor DNA was obtained from a prototroph bacterial strain (x* y z'),…

A:

Q: How can you tell if an individual is heterozygous for the D1S80 marker?

A: The term heterozygous variant belongs to a subdivision of biology, genetics. Genetics is the study…

Q: What is a read (Sanger sequencing)?

A: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides (adenine, guanine,…

Q: How we can select Tm value for the primers? Please answer at your own words.

A: DNA replication is considered a biological process during cell division, where DNA can make a copy…

Q: What is 15q?

A: Chromosomes are the DNA molecules with a portion or all of the genetic material of the organisms.…

Q: What are the Chargaff rules?  Describe the relationship between Chargaff and Watson and Crick.

A: DNA is a double helical structure that is made up of sugar (deoxyribose sugar), phosphate and base…

Q: What is the principle of Sanger sequencing?

A: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides (adenine, guanine,…

Q: You have a 2.5 ng/uL DNA stock. What volume will give you 1.15 mg?

A: Conversion tables are important to find out the actual values in the required unit. Similar…

Q: In the transformation experiment by Griffith, two strains of an organism was injected into a mouse…

A: Frederick Griffith was the man who performed the transformation principle on Streptococcus…

Q: When is the transformation factor used?

A: According to Griffith's experiments, based on the bacterial transformation through the Streptococcus…

Q: Draw each of the following base pairs: A-T, G-C, and U-

A: Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine are the nitrogenous bases which are present in DNA and in RNA…

Q: Match the following Conjugation terms with the most appropriate description in the image: F-…

A: Introduction Conjugation Is The Transfer Of Genetic Material From One Bacterium To Another Through…

Q: What is a recombinant microorganism? Discuss examples.

A: Recombination – this is a process used to produce a different combination of alleles by breaking the…

Q: Why are the recombinants produced from an Hfr * F- cross rarely, if ever, F+?

A: An Hfr cell is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (such as the F-factor) incorporated into its…

Q: What is the primary disadvantage of Sanger sequencing?

A: Sanger sequencing the target DNA sequence is determined by copying it into the fragments of…

Q: Would you be able to draw a circular map of the seven genes? I have trouble with correct position of…

A: The DNA replicates itself several times during the replication process. It is a biological…

Q: Would the mutant strain have an advantage over the wild- type strain? Explain your answer

A: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA of a cell such that the sequence deviates from what is…

Q: What is the transformation factor?

A: The process in which the genetic material formed of the naked DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is…

Q: What is single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ?

A:

Q: What key molecules are essential for Sanger sequencing?

A: DNA sequencing is used to determine the exact arrangement of the nucleotide bases adenine (A),…

Q: Among all these primer pairs from Primer-Blast, which is the best to use for a PCR reaction and why?

A: The hereditary currency of an organism is the gene. The gene is present in the DNA of an organism.…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.