Help Please! You are working as a summer student in the lab of Dr. Photon who uses optogenetics to map the mouse brain. Although these experimentshave many steps to be followed you are confident of your abilities and yet your experimental mouse is not responding.What is a likely reason why the mouse neurons are not being stimulated?A. You need to transform only rod and cone cells because only those cells contain rhodopsin.B. You used red light to stimulate the channelrhodopsin in the neuron.C. You used a mouse promoter instead of the required Chlamydomonas promoter.D. You forgot to transfect the neurons with a copy of the retinal gene.

Optogenetic techniques measure that how the neurons work together. In this technique, light is used…

Answered: You are working as a summer student in…

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2TYK

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Ocular dominance columns result from competition between LGN neurons of the opposite eyes for Stellate cells . (a) What is the key "ingredient" that enables a neuron to successfully compete for Stellate cells? (b) How is this ingredient demonstrated by Hubel and Wiesel using cats? (c) How is this ingredient demonstrated in more recent experiments using a toxin?
In the discussion section the authors wrote “Safaiyan et al. have suggested microglia lipofuscin was derived from ingested myelin fragments, but the study has not provided enough evidence to support this notion [13].” a. Considering this quote, what does “ingested myelin fragments” suggest? b.Why did you give the answer that you gave for this question? c. Does your answer to this question relate to the first sentence of the abstract and the first sentence of the background section? Background Microglia are tissue-resident immune cells in the central nervous system. Abstract Background Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, accrue autofluorescent granules inside their cytoplasm throughout their lifespan.
If TTX (tetrodotoxin) selectively binds voltage gated Na+ channels, and you tag TTX with a fluorescent marker and then you use it as a probe to label voltage-gated Na+ channels in various neurons in the CNS, would you expect the pattern of fluorescence to be different between myelinated and nonmyelinated axons? If so, how? If not, why not?
Many neurotoxins have been used extensively in physiological studies of neurons. When comparing tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish and batrachotoxins from poison dart-frogs, the former had no effect on a neurons resting potential but completely stopped its action potential, whereas the later toxin immediately initiates depolarization of a neuron but prevents repolarization. Can your group hypothesize how these toxins affect the nerve transmission differently?
In an experiment you place a neuron and its synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions. You stimulate the neuron causing an action potential to propagate down the axon into the axon terminal of the neuron. 3.) What is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation? A. Prolong the refractory period of the action potential B. Decrease the time required to move sodium ions out of the axon terminal C. Prevent neurotransmitter from binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells D. Enhance the voltage changes associated with the action potential E. Prevent release of neurotransmitter into the synapse
An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?
An effector neuron is a motor neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).In an experiment, it was determined that the effector neuron for muscle fibre 1 had a threshold level of –5 mV. The effector neuron for muscle fibre 2 had a threshold level of –16 mV. An electrical probe was used to stimulate these two effector neurons of the muscle fibres. Which of the following rows correctly identifies the reaction of each muscle fibre based on the applied stimulus voltage? Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Relaxed Contracted b. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Contracted Relaxed c. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Contracted Relaxed d. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Relaxed Contracted
An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one mportant reason for this effect?
Ozana was born with cataracts, which made her completely blind. When she was 14 years-old she underwent surgery to remove the cataracts, which allowed visual input to be transmitted to her brain for the first time. However, even though the surgery was a success, Ozana’s vision was never fully functional. A) Describe how the features of neural plasticity might help to explain why Ozana’s vision was not restored. B) Propose one factor that might have increased the chance that Ozana would develop the ability to see, and briefly explain why.
Multi-cell recordings from the human motor cortex can be used to guide a robotic arm. Discuss BCI and action control: a) How the woman controls the robotic arm b) She has been paralyzed for over 20 years, but this BCI system still works for her. What does that mean? c) What kinds of information do motor neurons code?
Why was the postsynaptic CA1 neuron voltage clamped to +30 mV? To stimulate insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane To move NDA receptors into the synapse from an extrasynaptic site To cause coordination between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron To increase conductance of the NMDAR by removing the Mg?* block To stimulate AMPA receptors, which in turn activate NMDA Rs Explain the results obtained when AP5 was applied while the neuron was held at +30 mV. What is the interpretation of the result?
Fluorescent FM dyes partition reversibly into biological membranes without penetrating through them. Suppose that you have neurons cultured in a dish. You incubate the neurons with an FM dye, and then you wash them with medium to remove the dye. You find that if the neurons are stimulated to trigger action potentials during incubation with the dye, the synaptic regions of the neurons remain fluorescent after the wash. Can you explain why this effect may have occurred? Also, after generating fluorescent synaptic regions by this procedure, suppose that you trigger additional action potentials while continuing to wash with medium. Would you expect the synaptic regions to lose fluorescence?

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