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- 1. In the Traveler’s Dilemma, each of two people chooses a number between 180and 300. Each is paid the lower of the two numbers, but the person who choosesthe higher number must pay an amount x to the person who chose the lowernumber. In one case, x = 5, while in the other case x = 180. What differencewould you expect between choices with the two values of x?a. Higher choices when x = 5.b. Higher choices when x = 180.c. Little or no difference.d. Impossible to predict.2. Consider these statements about communication in experiments.1. Chat communication is usually more effective than written simple signals (A,B, etc.).2. Friendly appeals to mutual interest and payoff dominance are effective.3. Promises often affect beliefs and actions.4. A promise is not worth the paper it is printed on.Which of these are true?a. 1 and 2b. 1 and 3c. 2 and 3d. 1, 2, and 33. A treasure is hidden under one of the four boxes below. A person gets twoguesses to find the treasure. What do you think is the most…12.3 Armed Conflict: Consider the following strategic situation: Two rival armies plan to seize a disputed territory. Each army's general can choose either to attack (A) or to not attack (N). In addition, each army is either strong (S) or weak (W) with equal probability, and the realizations for each army are independent. Furthermore the type of each army is known only to that army's general. An army can capture the territory if either (i) it attacks and its rival does not or (ii) it and its rival attack, but it is strong and the rival is weak. If both attack and are of equal strength then neither captures the territory. As for payoffs, the territory is worth m if captured and each army has a cost of fighting equal to s if it is strong and w if it is weak, where s <w. If an army attacks but its rival does not, no costs are borne by either side. Identify all 12.7 Exercises • 267 the pure-strategy Bayesian Nash equilibria of this game for the following two cases, and briefly describe…53. The Indiana University basketball team trails by twopoints with eight seconds to go and has the ball. Shouldit attempt a two-point shot or a three-point shot?Assume that the Indiana shot will end the game and thatno foul will occur on the shot. Assume that a three-pointshot has a 30% chance of success, and atwo-point shot has a 55% chance of success. Finally,assume that Indiana has a 55% chance of winning inovertime.
- 2. Compare and Contrast. Identify two modes of doing the same thing where one involves a more technologically advanced method. Example would be snail mail vs. e-mail. List down as many examples. Brainstorm with a partner if a less technologically sophisticated mechanism can actually turn out to be better in terms of reaching for the good life. Is the more technologically advanced always better?2. Consider a game that game theory people refer to as the “ultimatum game.”We will refer to our two players as the “offerer” and the “decider”. How the gameworks is that the offerer proposes a way to split $1000 between the two players.While this could be done in a variety of ways, we will assume that the offerersonly has two possible proposals: Either a 50-50 split, or she offers the decider$50 and keeps the rest. The decider can either accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, the money is split as proposed. If the offer is rejected, themoney spontaneously combusts and nobody gets anything. a) List the strategies for each player and write an extensive form version of thegame with payouts. b) List all the Nash equilibria of this game. c) Explain which, if any of the Nash equilibrium are not sub-game perfect. d) Write the game out in normal form and find the pure strategy Nashequilibrium. Explain how this matches with your answers to (b) and (c) . Alsoexplain why there…Daniel and Kevin are two hardworking builders for solo, independently-owned companies. They can produce Chairs and Tables. As a result, they each have PPFs (Possibilities Production Frontiers) that illustrate their production. Daniel's PPF is shown by the equation: Qc = 12 - 3Qt. Likewise, Kevin's PPF is shown by the equation: Qt = 12 - 3Qc. Since they trust each other and are honest in their terms, Daniel and Kevin trade with each other and only each other; they do not take their goods to markets, and they do not interact with outside sellers/buyers. Since they want to make sure that they provide for their families in the most fair way possible, they set up and agree upon a few terms of trade. The terms are as follows: FIRST, the terms of trade are 1 Chair in exchange for 1 Table. SECOND, each of them specializes according to their own comparative advantage. THIRD, since Kevin needs a few extra things, he CONSUMES 3 units of the goods that he produces. With that said, I have a few…
- 5. Gina and Bob are co-owners of a surf shop. Both Gina and Bob prefer to skip work and go surfing, but if they both surf, the shop is closed. Each co-owner must choose between working and surfing. If they both work, they earn $600 each. If both surf, they earn $200 each (the value they place on surfing). If only one of the co-owners surfs while the other works, the worker gets $800 and the surfer gets $1000. a. Suppose that Gina and Bob make their decision simultaneously. Depict their interaction on a payoff table showing all outcomes (payouts) payouts. Identify the equilibrium outcome(s). b. Now suppose that Gina is an early riser, whereas Bob sleeps in. Therefore, Gina decides first whether to work or surf. By the time Bob makes his decision, Gina has already committed to one of the two options. Depict this interaction in a sequential game tree. Show all the payouts and identify the equilibrium outcome(s). c. Would it be in Bob’s best interest to get up sooner, so that he can…Assume the following game situation: If Player A plays UP and Player B plays LEFT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $3. If Player A plays UP and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $2 and Player B gets $5. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays LEFET then Player A gets $4 and Player B gets $2. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $1 What is the Mixed Strategy Equilibrium for Player B? O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/8, 3/8) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/4, 3/4) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/2, 1/2) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (3/8, 1/8)8. Two states, A and B, have signed an arms-control agreement. This agreementcommits them to refrain from building certain types of weapons. The agreement is supposed tohold for an indefinite length of time. However, A and B remain potential enemies who wouldprefer to be able to cheat and build more weapons than the other. The payoff table for A (player1, the row player) and B (player 2, the column player) in each period after signing thisagreement is below. a) First assume that each state uses Tit-for-Tat (TFT) as a strategy in this repeated game.The rate of return is r. For what values of r would it be worth it for player A to cheat bybuilding additional weapons just once against TFT? b) For what values of r would it be worth deviating from the agreement forever to buildweapons? c) Convert both values you found in parts a and b to the equivalent discount factor dusing the formula given in lecture and section. d) Use the answers you find to discuss the relationship between d and r:…
- Five roommates are planning to spend the weekendin their apartment watching movies, and they aredebating how many movies to watch. The tablebelow shows each roommate’s willingness to pay foreach of the movies:Ava Ridley Spike Kathryn QuentinFirst film $14 $10 $8 $4 $2Second film 12 8 4 2 0Third film 10 6 2 0 0Fourth film 6 2 0 0 0Fifth film 2 0 0 0 0A movie on their streaming service costs $15, which theroommates split equally, so each pays $3 per movie.a. What is the efficient number of movies to watch(that is, the number that maximizes total surplus)?b. For each roommate, what is the preferred numberof movies to watch?4. a. Suppose that you are on a deserted island and can produce either 32 tons of coconuts OR 16 tons of pineapples. Draw the PPF representing this situation. Assume that coconuts are on the x-axis. Also assume that the PPF is linear. Clearly label your graph. b. For each of the following combinations say whether they are attainable (feasible) or unattainable (infeasible), based on the above information. If they are feasible, say whether they are efficient or inefficient. Also, label the three points on the graph above. (i) 8 tons of coconuts and 12 tons of pineapples: (ii) 16 tons of coconuts and 3 tons of pineapples:The accompanying tables give production possibilities data for Gamma and Sigma. All data are in tons. Gamma's production possibilities A B C D E Tea 120 90 60 30 0 Pots 0 30 60 90 120 Sigma's production possibilities A B C D E Tea 40 30 20 10 0 Pots 0 30 60 90 120 What are the limits of the terms of trade between Gamma and Sigma? Multiple Choice 1 tea = 2 pots to 1 tea = 6 pots 1 tea = 3 pots to 1 tea = 6 pots 1 tea = 2 pots to 1 tea = 3.5 pots 1 tea = 1 pot to 1 tea = 3 pots