Bacteria are often the preferred hosts for splicing in novel genes. For instance, the gene for human insulin was isolated and moved into a bacterium, which can now produce the much-needed chemical. Previously, type 1 diabetics had to rely on professionals that gathered insulin from human cadavers, cows, and pigs. In order for this feat of genetic engineering to occur, researchers had to start with an unspliced MRNA transcript for sinsulin. Agree/Disagree? Explain your response.

Bacteria are often the preferred hosts for splicing in novel genes. For instance, the gene for human insulin was isolated and moved into a bacterium, which can now produce the much-needed chemical. Previously, type 1 diabetics had to rely on professionals that gathered insulin from human cadavers, cows, and pigs. In order for this feat of genetic engineering to occur, researchers had to start with an unspliced MRNA transcript for sinsulin. Agree/Disagree? Explain your response.

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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10QP: The pre-mRNA transcript and protein made by several mutant genes were examined. The results are...

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Bacteria are often the preferred hosts for genetic engineering projects by splicing in novel genes from eukaryotes into plasmids, which are moved into competent bacteria. For instance, the gene for human insulin was isolated and moved into a bacterium, which can now produce the much-needed chemical. Previously, type 1 diabetics had to rely on professionals that gathered insulin from human cadavers, cows, and pigs. In order for this feat of genetic engineering to occur, researchers had to start with an unspliced mRNA transcript for h insulin. Agree/Disagree? Explain your response.
The sequencing of entire genomes has made it possible to examine the level of gene expression in a particular cell or tissue by using oligonucleotide probes to assess the mRNA expression level from a particular gene. This is done most effectively through the use of what experimental technique?
Different forms of a protein are produced in the liver and in the brain by alternate splicing of its mRNA. How would a researcher clone the gene encoding that protein to study the form that was produced in the liver?
Because genetic engineering involves the modification of an organism's set of instructions, it has created a dilemma raising both moral and ethical concerns. For instance, a biotechnological company has found a way to produce rice that is immune to pests and diseases, which is vital for the establishment of food security. However, the methods that will be implemented are by splicing off the genes of endangered pandas using invasive procedures that may harm their population. Will you support this? Why or why not? Limit your answers to 5 sentences or less. Be brief and concise.
When a region of DNA that contains the genetic information for a protein is isolated from a bacterial cell and inserted into a eukaryotic cell in a proper position between a promoter and a terminator, the resulting cell usually produces the correct protein. But when the experiment is done in the reverse direction (eukaryotic DNA into a bacterial cell), the correct protein is often not produced. Can you suggest an explanation?
NASA has identified a new microbe present on Mars and requests that you determine the genetic code of this organism. To accomplish this goal, you isolate an extract from this microbe that contains all the components necessary for protein synthesis except mRNA. Synthetic mRNAs are added to this extract and the resulting polypeptides are analyzed: Synthetic mRNA Resulting Polypeptides AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lysine-Lysine-Lysine etc. CACACACACACACACA Threonine-Histidine-Threonine-Histidine etc. AACAACAACAACAACA Threonine-Threonine-Threonine etc. Glutamine-Glutamine-Glutamine etc. Asparagine-Asparagine-Asparagine etc. From these data, what specifics can you conclude about the microbe’s genetic code? What is the sequence of the anticodon loop of a tRNA carrying a threonine? If you found that this microbe contained 61 different tRNAs, what could you speculate about the fidelity of translation in this organism?
Could quantitative PCR, which uses a DNA-binding dye, to show how many copies of the target DNA sequence could be used to quantify the amount of mRNA in a cell? Would you expect that a metabolically active tissue such as the liver would show more cDNA copies in such a method, compared to less metabolically active tissues such as skin cells? One reason that the types and amounts of mRNAs are quantified in different tissue types is to compare which genes are activated and which are inactive. It used to be thought that any gene that was transcribed was automatically translated. The discovery of RNA-degrading systems shows that the real situation in cells is more complemented. Do you believe that a larger amount of mRNA of a given type, say for alpha hemoglobin in immature red blood cells is a reliable indicator that more alpha hemoglobin protein will be made in those cells?
A mutant strain of Salmonella bacteria carries a mutation of the rho protein that has fully activity at 37°C but is completely inactivated when the mutant strain is grown at 40°C. a)Speculate about the kind of differences you would expect to see if you compared a broad spectrum of mRNAs from the mutant strain grown at 37°C and the same spectrum of mRNAs from the strain when grown at 40°C. b)Are all the mRNAs affected by the rho protein mutation in the same way? Why or why not?
You are studying a rare form of brain cancer where the newly-discovered genes BR and AIN are known to play a role in the development of this cancer. You perform a RNA-seq analysis on a patient with this form of cancer and compare the resulting expression histogram to a healthy patient. You conclude that AIN is heavily upregulated in the cancer patient and that the cancer patient's mRNA for BR retains one of that gene's introns in the RNA-seq results. Based on this information, BR is likely a(n) _________ and AIN is likely a(n) _________ . a. oncogene; tumor-suppressor gene b. tumor-suppressor gene; tumor-suppressor gene c. oncogene; oncogene d. tumor-suppressor gene; viral gene e. tumor-suppressor gene; oncogene
When scientists cut a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA, they discovered that enabling the strands to hydrogen bond allows them to hybridize one of the gene's strands to the gene's mRNA. How can you tell whether this gene undergoes alternative splicing by comparing the various mRNAs that result?
Imagine that you and your colleagues are working in a lab to develop a protein synthesis system for a new type of synthetic cell. During your brainstorming sessions, you propose that polycistronic mRNA would be much more useful than mRNA that is only translated into one protein. This would allow for multiple proteins necessary for a particular function to be translated together. One of your colleagues says that is a good idea, but if you decide to go with polycistronic mRNA, you’d better make sure to use a prokaryotic translation system. Why might it be problematic to use a eukaryotic translation system with polycistronic mRNA? Mention three reasons:
Numerous diseases are treated by injection of polypeptide growth factors, such as human growth factor. A project team in a pharmaceutical company wishes to produce high levels of a growth factor for therapeutic use by overexpressing and purifying the protein from E coli. The team takes the cDNA of the human gene and makes the mutations below before transferring the gene to E coli for high level protein expression. As seen in the gel below, the mutations dramatically enhanced the levels of protein produced (growth factor indicated by arrows). Explain why the team altered the human cDNA of the growth factor as shown below for expression in E coli (limit 3-4 sentences).