16/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What is the sign of the charge on the DNA when the pH of solution is neutral? Postive Negative Neutral Not enough information given 17/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What fraction of the phosphates in DNA are charged at neutral pH? essentially all of them about half of them about 1/4 of them none of them Not enough information given 18/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What is the charge of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA, which is 586-kilo-base-pairs (kbp) long, at neutral pH?

16/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What is the sign of the charge on the DNA when the pH of solution is neutral? Postive Negative Neutral Not enough information given 17/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What fraction of the phosphates in DNA are charged at neutral pH? essentially all of them about half of them about 1/4 of them none of them Not enough information given 18/ The phosphates that make up the phosphodiester bonds in DNA have pKa 2. What is the charge of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA, which is 586-kilo-base-pairs (kbp) long, at neutral pH?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter14: Dna Structure And Replication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 16TYK

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5’ TAAGCGTAACCCGCTAA CGTATGCGAAC GGGTCCTATTAACGCAC 3’ 3’ ATTCGCATTGGGCGATT GCATACGCTTG CCCAGGATAATTGCGTG 5’ Imagine that the double-stranded DNA molecule shown above was broken at the sites indicated by spaces in the sequence and that before the breaks were repaired the DNA fragment between the breaks was reversed. What would be the base sequence of the repaired molecule? Show the sequence, label the 5’ and 3’ ends and briefly explain the reasoning supporting your answer
The complementary strands of DNA in the double helixare held together by hydrogen bonds: G ≡ C or A = T.These bonds can be broken (denatured) in aqueous solutions by heating to yield two single strands of DNA(see Figure 1-13a). How would you expect the relativeamounts of GC versus AT base pairs in a DNA doublehelix to affect the amount of heat required to denatureit? How would you expect the length of a DNA doublehelix in base pairs to affect the amount of heat requiredto denature it?
6. Which of the following DNA sample composition is expected to have the highest boiling point?A. 60% GC pair and 40% AT pairB. 50% GC pair and 50% AT pairC. 80% GC pair and 20% AU pairD. 20% GC pair and 80% AU pair7. What is the sequence following compounds in terms of increasing solubility to dilute methanol solution?A. Adenine → Adenosine → Adenosine monophosphateB. Adenosine monophosphate → Adenosine → AdenineC. Adenine →Adenosine monophosphate → AdenosineD. Adenosine diphosphate → adenine → Adenosine triphosphate8. Which RNA molecule is NOT involved in the processes of transcription and translation?A. Messenger RNAB. Transfer RNAC. Ribosomal RNAD. Micro-RNA 9. Which of the following functional groups promote the separation of nucleotide fragments in gel electrophoresis?A. Phosphate groupsB. Ribose moietiesC. Purine basesD. Pyrimidine bases10. How many nucleosomes are there in 6 solenoids?A. 10B. 42C. 36D. 50
6. Which of the following DNA sample composition is expected to have the highest boiling point?A. 60% GC pair and 40% AT pairB. 50% GC pair and 50% AT pairC. 80% GC pair and 20% AU pairD. 20% GC pair and 80% AU pair7. What is the sequence following compounds in terms of increasing solubility to dilute methanol solution?A. Adenine → Adenosine → Adenosine monophosphateB. Adenosine monophosphate → Adenosine → AdenineC. Adenine →Adenosine monophosphate → AdenosineD. Adenosine diphosphate → adenine → Adenosine triphosphate
1a) The phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of each strand of a DNA molecule have a pKa of ~2.14. Normal physiological pH in most cells is 7.0-7.5, which is significantly above the pKa for the phosphate groups, so every phosphate group in the backbone of both strands of a DNA molecule is deprotonated and carries a -1 charge - but DNA in cells is normally double-stranded. Briefly explain, in your own words, why the large negative charges on the backbones of the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule don't cause the strands to separate under normal cellular conditions.
Problem B. DNA: Codon SegmentingThe way that DNA is often interpreted as genes is in groups of three nucleotides at a time, called “codons.” Thus, the DNA strand dna_str = 'agctttcattctgac' Can be broken into codons in the following three ways: agc ttt cat tct gac a gct ttc att ctg ac ag ctt tca ttc tga c # reading frame 0 # reading frame 1 # reading frame 2 Notice that in these lines, we start reading codons at string indexes 0, 1 and 2. The three different start indices are known as reading frames, and are called reading frame 0, reading frame 1 and reading frame 2, respectively. It is not always clear which of these frames will be read by genetic transcription mechanisms, so it is often useful to be able to be flexible and consider any of them when working with DNA strands. Write a function segment that takes as an input a string containing a DNA strand, and a reading frame (0, 1 or 2) to use. The function should return a list containing the sequence of individual codons. You…
Given the choices,a. 25b. 18c. 23d. 21how many hydrogen bonds are present in a DNA double helix fragment consisting of the following sequence in one strand: ATTGCGGTCA
I'm having difficulty with some homework, 6. a. The double helical structure of DNA is intrinsically unstable and easily dissociates to form two separate strands. Why? How does this affect the two key biological functions of chromosomal DNA? What would happen if the DNA helices were too stable? b. How can one measure the stability of a particular duplex DNA? Which molecular properties affect the stability?
Here is a DNA coding strand’s sequence and direction: 5’-ATGCCGATATAG-3’ . What would be the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide encoded by this DNA?
4. In bacterial cells, nucleotide excision repair involves which of the following proteins?A. DNA glycosylaseB. AP endonucleaseC. photolyaseD. AlkBE. UvrABC proteins 5. If Meselson and Stahl had results from density gradient analysis of bacterial DNA that indicated only two bands, one of the original density and one that was the same as unlabeled DNA, and no intermediate density band, this would indicate that DNA replication is:A. constructiveB. semiconservativeC. conservativeD. consecutiveE. cannot determine from the information given 6.In E. coli, which DNA polymerase is primarily responsible for filling in the gaps in the DNA generated during nucleotide excision repair?A. DNA polymerase IB. DNA polymerase IIC. DNA polymerase IVD. DNA polymerase VE. none of the above
2) When DNA is placed in distilled water, which is pH 7.0, it denatures (i.e., the two strands separate). The pH inside a cell is generally 7.2-7.5, depending on the organism, but DNA is generally double-stranded under physiological conditions. Briefly explain, in your own words, why DNA denatures when placed in distilled water but not when it is inside a cell. [Reminder: the pKa for the phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of a strand of DNA is 2.14]
Draw the structure of the double Holliday junctionthat would result from strand invasion by both ends of thebroken duplex into the intact homologous duplex shownin Figure Q5–3. Label the left end of each strand in the Hol-liday junction 5ʹ or 3ʹ so that the relationship to the paren-tal and recombinant duplexes is clear. Indicate how DNAsynthesis would be used to fill in any single-strand gaps inyour double Holliday junction.