CAN YOU PLEASE ANSWER 1b 1a) The phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of each strand of a DNA molecule have a pKa of ~2.14. Normal physiological pH in most cells is 7.0-7.5, which is significantly above the pKa for the phosphate groups, so every phosphate group in the backbone of both strands of a DNA molecule is deprotonated and carries a -1 charge - but DNA in cells is normally double-stranded. Briefly explain, in your own words, why the large negative charges on the backbones of the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule don't cause the strands to separate under normal cellular conditions. 1b) If you raise the pH to 12, but keep everything else about the solution in which the double-stranded DNA is dissolved the same, the two strands of DNA will separate/the DNA will denature. Briefly explain, in your own words, why this happens - why does DNA denature at pH 12 but not at pH 7?
Proteins
We generally tend to think of proteins only from a dietary lens, as a component of what we eat. However, they are among the most important and abundant organic macromolecules in the human body, with diverse structures and functions. Every cell contains thousands and thousands of proteins, each with specific functions. Some help in the formation of cellular membrane or walls, some help the cell to move, others act as messages or signals and flow seamlessly from one cell to another, carrying information.
Protein Expression
The method by which living organisms synthesize proteins and further modify and regulate them is called protein expression. Protein expression plays a significant role in several types of research and is highly utilized in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein research laboratories.
CAN YOU PLEASE ANSWER 1b
1a) The phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of each strand of a DNA molecule have a pKa of ~2.14. Normal physiological pH in most cells is 7.0-7.5, which is significantly above the pKa for the phosphate groups, so every phosphate group in the backbone of both strands of a DNA molecule is deprotonated and carries a -1 charge - but DNA in cells is normally double-stranded. Briefly explain, in your own words, why the large negative charges on the backbones of the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule don't cause the strands to separate under normal cellular conditions.
1b) If you raise the pH to 12, but keep everything else about the solution in which the double-stranded DNA is dissolved the same, the two strands of DNA will separate/the DNA will denature. Briefly explain, in your own words, why this happens - why does DNA denature at pH 12 but not at pH 7?
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