Cartels usually breakdown because of what? Cartels can only be effectively run if they use Game Theory software. They can't control the supply of the good or service. ● ● ● ● They can't control the market price. Usually there is one greedy firm in the cartel that will break the cartel agreement and sell at a lower price to grab as much market share as they can.
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- When OPEC raised the price of oil dramatically in the mid-1970s, experts said it was unlikely that the cartel could stay together over the long term-that the incentives for individual members. to cheat would become too strong. More than fort),r years later, OPEC still exists. Why do you think OPEC has been able to beat the odds and continue to collude? Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons.When OPEC raised the price of oil dramatically in the mid-1970s, experts said it was unlikely that the cartel could stay together over the long term—that the incentives for individual members to cheat would become too strong. More than forty years later, OPEC still exists. Why do you think OPEC has been able to beat the odds and continue to collude? Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons. Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons.The attached diagram illustrate an industry under oligopoly consisting of 10 equal-sized firms, and a particular firm in that industry. Each of the firms produces an identical product. Assuming the firms form a cartel, what price will the cartel choose if it wishes to maximize overall profits for the cartel? What total output must the cartel produce in order to maintain this price? To what output will an individual firm be restricted if the price is to be maintained?Assume that all firms are permitted to produce the same level of output. If the other firms stick to this output, how much would an individual firm be tempted to produce if it wished to maximize its own profit at the agreed price? If it undercut the cartel price, what and output would maximize its profit 9assuming the other members did not retaliate)?
- Consider the curve in Figure, which shows the market demand, marginal cost, and marginal revenue curve for firms in an oligopolistic industry. In this example, we assume firms have zero fixed costs. a. Suppose the firms collude to form a cartel. What price will the cartel charge? What quantity will the carte supply? How much profit will the cartel earn? b. Suppose now that the cartel breaks up and the oligopolistic firms compete as vigorously as possible by cutting the price and increasing sales. What will be the industry quantity and price? What will be the collective profits of all firms in the industry? c. Compare the equilibrium price, quantity, and profit for the cartel and cutthroat competition outcomes.The following diagrams illustrate an industry under oligopoly consisting of 10 equal-sized firms, and a particular firm in that industry. Each of the firms produces an identical product. (d) If the other firms stick to this output, how much would an individual firm be tempted to produce if it wished to maximise its own profit at the agreed price? (e) If it undercut the cartel price, what price and output would maximise its profit (assuming the other members did not retaliate)?Cartel theory is usually understood as the doctrine of economic cartels. However, since the concept of 'cartel' does not have to be limited to the field of the economy, doctrines on non-economic cartels are conceivable in principle. Explain the cartel theory using an appropriate graph. Indicate the incentive for the oligopoly firms to form a cartel.
- just answer the subpart d a. Explain what you know about collusion and cartels, including: definition, formation of motives, types and differences between these types, and so on. b. Why is this behavior often encountered in imperfectly competitive market structures such as oligopolies? c. What obstacles/obstacles do collusion and cartels often face? d. Name and explain at least 3 factors that can facilitate the occurrence of collusion and cartel!The U.K. Office of Fair Trading has recently unveiled a plan that will offer immunity from prosecution to firms who blow the whistle on their co-cartel conspirators. In the United States, this tactic has proven extremely successful: Since its introduction in 1993, the total amount of fines for anticompetitive behavior has increased twentyfold. Show how the tactic initiated by the U.S. Department of Justice, soon to be followed by the U.K. Office of Fair Trading, changes the rules of the game played between firms in a secret cartel.Describe the characteristics of monopolistic competition and oligopolies and how cartels emerge in an oligopolistic structure. Why is there a cheating incentive when it comes to cartels and how can it be explained through game theory?
- The following diagrams illustrate an industry under oligopoly consisting of 10 equal-sized firms, and a particular firm in that industry. Each of the firms produces an identical product. (a) Assuming the firms form a cartel, what price will the cartel choose if it wishes to maximise overall profits for the cartel? (b) What total output must the cartel produce in order to maintain this price? (c) To what output will an individual firm be restricted if this price is to be maintained? Assume that all firms are permitted to produce the same level of output. (d) If the other firms stick to this output, how much would an individual firm be tempted to produce if it wished to maximise its own profit at the agreed price? (e) If it undercut the cartel price, what price and output would maximise its profit (assuming the other members did not retaliate)?Because there are a small number of firms, the firms are interdependent so that each firm’s actions influence the profits of the other firms. To maximize a profit, firms in an oligopoly might choose to form a cartel. Questions: 1.) Could they use any of the Game Theory Behaviors, to resolve their competitive situation? 2.) If they do, would the firms face a “prisoner’s dilemma”? 3.) Is there a possibility of getting to a NASH Equilibrium? 4.) Could they achieve the NASH Equilibrium?Please no written by hand solution Suppose two firms compete in quantities (Cournot). Market demand is given by P = 260 − 2Q, where Q = q1 + q2. Both firms have constant MC = AT C = 20.a. Solve for the Cournot equilibrium and find the Cournot equilibrium profits for each firm.b. Now suppose the two firms formed a cartel. What would be the profits for each firm then?c. If firm 2 sticks to the cartel agreement (quantity), then what is the best response for firm 1 (if firm 1 were to deviate)? Find the profits for firm 1 from deviating.d. How large must the probability-adjusted discount factor be in order for the cartel to be stable?e. How would the answer to part d. change if the two firms were competing in prices (Bertrand)?Please answer all steps, because no too much detailed answers required.