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- Consider the basic setup of the Diamond-Dybvig (1983) model. Specifically, there are three periods, denoted t = 0, 1, 2, a single consumption good, and an illiquid investment opportunity that pays gross return 1 if liquidated at t = 1, or gross return 2.2 if liquidated at t = 2. There are 500 people in the economy, each endowed with 1 unit of the consumption good at t = 0. At t = 1, exactly 200 will randomly realize that they need to consume at t = 1 (the early consumers), the remaining 300 people will need to consume at t = 2 (the late consumers). The utility derived from consumption is 1 − (1/c1) 2 for early consumers, 1−(1/c2) 2 for late consumers, where the subscript denotes the time of consumption. Suppose a bank can offer an asset that is more liquid, with gross returns Rd 1 = 1.33 and Rd 2 = 1.71 (depending on the time of liquidation). (i) Calculate the bank’s profit after t = 2. In other words, what amount of funds remains at the bank once all depositors have withdrawn? Now…The market for capital Firms require capital to invest in productive opportunities. The best firms with the most profitable opportunities can attract capital away from inefficient firms with less profitable opportunities. Investors supply firms with capital at a cost called the interest rate. The interest rate that investors require is determined by several factors, including the availability of production opportunities, the time preference for current consumption, risk, and inflation. Suppose the Federal Reserve (the Fed) decides to tighten credit by contracting the money supply. Use the following graph by moving the black X to show what happens to the equilibrium level of borrowing and the new equilibrium interest rate. Q1. Which tend to be more volatile, short- or long-term interest rates? Long-term interest rates 2. Short-term interest rates Q2. If the inflation rate was 3.20% and the nominal interest rate was 4.20% over the last year, what was the real rate of interest over…1. What is opportunity cost and why is it an important concept in the capital budgeting process? The opportunity cost concept applies to almost every financial decision we make as individuals. Can you give an example from your own experience? 2. What is capital rationing from the perspective of capital budgeting? 3. Give an example of a strength and a weakness of the accounting rate of return approach.
- Often, more than one kind of shock hits the economy at once. When this happens, the different shocks could push the price level in different directions in the short run, leaving the final short-term result ambiguous. What is most likely to happen the price level and real GDP (i.e., output) in the following cases? Will they rise, or fall, or can’t you tell with information given? Note that you will not always be able to know the answer for one, but not the other. Motivate your answer. A nation’s scientists invent many new internet search tools, raising current productivity and making investors optimistic about future inventions as well. A government raises taxes, and its economy experiences a year of excellent weather for growing crops. Oil prices skyrocket and the central banks slows the rate of money growth.Calculating the margin of safety (MOS) measure will help a firm answer which of the following questions? How much will operating profit (πB) change if sales change? Are we using our debt wisely? Will we break even? How much revenue can we lose before we drop below the breakeven point? How much operating profit (πB) will we earn?Ceteris paribus, current financial market returns will increase as _____. Group of answer choices a. the uncertainty about the productivity of capital goods increases and people become more risk averse b. the uncertainty about the productivity of capital goods increases and people become less risk averse c. the uncertainty about the productivity of capital goods decreases and people become more risk averse d. the uncertainty about the productivity of capital goods decreases and people become less risk averse
- In the short-run macro model, if aggregate expenditure is less than GDP, output in the future will a. decline as firms cut production to stop the buildup of inventories b. increase as firms cut their prices to try to stop depletion of inventories c. remain unchanged indefinitely unless government takes action d. decline as firms increase their prices to stop the buildup of inventories e. increase as firms increase production to try to stop depletion of inventoriesExplain the following: The WACC is a weighted average of the costs of debt, preferred stock, and common equity.Would the WACC be different if the equity for the coming year came solely in the formof retained earnings versus some equity from the sale of new common stock? Would thecalculated WACC depend in any way on the size of the capital budget? How mightdividend policy affect the WACC? Assume that the risk-free rate increases. What impact would this have on the cost of debt?What impact would it have on the cost of equity? Note: Explain Shortly And To the Point AnswerWhat capital budgeting rule is a simple but imperfect attempt to solve the capital rationing problem? a The profitability index b The accounting rate of return c The payback rule d The internal rate of return e The net present value rule
- A strong economy leads to Group of answer choices lower productivity higher employment lower inflation lower interest ratesConsider the following information about the various states of economy and the returns of various investment alternatives for each scenario. Answer the questions that follow. Work out the Covariance with mp showing detatiled working and explanation % Return on T-Bills, Stocks and Market Index States of Economy Probability T-Bills Phillips Pay-up Rubber-Made Market Index Recession 0.2 7 -22 28 10 -13 Below Average 0.1 7 -2 14.7 -10 1 Average 0.3 7 20 0 7 15 Above Average 0.3 7 35 -10 45 29 Boom 0.1 7 50 -20 30 43 Mean 7 16.9 20.7 19.6 15 Variance (%) ^2 0 549.09 244.124 358.04 313.6 Standard Deviation 0 23.4326695 15.6244712 18.92194493 17.7087549 Coefficient of Variation 0 1.386548491 7.54805372 0.965405354 1.18058366 Covariance wit MP Correlation with Market Index…According to the Solow model, how would each of the following affect steady-state (i) output per worker, (ii) consumption per worker, and (iii) the long-run growth rate of the total capital stock? Explain and provide graphical illustration using the graph of production function, saving function, and effective depreciation line. a. The destruction of a portion of the nation's capital stock in a war. b. An immigration wave of individuals that exhibit both higher saving and fertility rates than the current population. c. A one-time improvement in productivity