Complete and identify the enzymes involved in the following pathways (13 pts): -Odihydroxyacetone-P DHAP {^{-E^E). ATP ADP ATP ADP glucose glucose-6-P G-6-P fructose-6-P F-6-P fructose-1,6-bisP F1,6-BP NAD NADH glyceraldehyde-3-p* GAP pr E COH 10 ç=O CH3 ATP ADP CH₂ H₂O ATP ADP pyruvate P-enolpyruvate 2-P-glycerate 3-P-glycerate PEP 2PG 3-PG 1,3-bisP-glycerate 1,3 BPG A. Glycolytic Pathway (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)
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- Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class I Aldolases Fructose bisphosphate aldolase in animal muscle is a class 1 aldolase, which forms a Schiff base intermediate between substrate (for example. fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and a lysine at the active site (see Figure I8.12). The chemical evidence for this intermediate conies from studies with aldolase and the reducing agent sodium borohydride, NaBH4. Incubation of the enzyme with dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NaBH4 inactivates the enzyme. Interestingly, no inactivation is observed if NabH4 is added to the enzyme in the absence of substrate. Write a mechanism that explains these observations and provides evidence for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate in the aldolase reaction.Choose the CORRECT sequence of glycine formation. transamination of 3-phosphoglycerate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of cysteine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transfer of the side-chain amino group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → oxidation of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate →transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycineDetermine if true or false 1. Isopentyl pyrophosphate (activated isoprene) undergoes cyclization during cholesterol biosynthesis 2. Malonyl CoA transacylase catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis. 3. Oxaloacetate carries acetyl CoA to the cytosol which is the site of fatty acid biosynthesis. 4. During fatty acid biosynthesis, propionyl CoA is the donor of the acetyl group. 5. During fatty acid biosynthesis, NADPH is used as the reducing equivalent in the process.
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase has an unfavourable equilibrium constant (K'eq= 0.08; G′° = 6.3 kJ/mol), yet the flow at this point in the glycolytic pathway is smooth. How does the cell get out of the unfavourable equilibrium?Behenate (C22H44O2) can be obtained by chain elongation from palmitate. How many ATP equivalents are produced in the degradation of behenate to eleven acetyl-CoA?Consider docosanoic acid C12H43CO2H a. Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Show the beta-oxidation in an EXPANDED structure. b. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? d. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. f. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? g. What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid? Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from a to e]
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase, proceeds with an unfavorable equilibrium constant ( K'eq= 0.08; ΔG′° = 6.3 kJ/mol), yet the flow through this point in the glycolytic pathway proceeds smoothly. How does the cell overcome the unfavorable equilibrium?Select the following enzymes that utilize a mechanism where an enediol intermediate is formed. Check all that apply: a)phosphoglucoisomerase b)triose phosphate isomerase c)aldolase d) glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase e) hexokinaseIn the skeletal muscle, in anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate during the payoff phase of glycolysis; and this pyruvate is reduced into lactate during lactic fermentation. Part 1-Write the 11 balanced biochemical equations corresponding to all the reaction steps leading to the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into lactate through glycolysis followed by lactic fermentation. Part 2-Write the net equation of the whole transformation process (i.e. with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as the starting substrate; and lactate as the end product).
- Some bacteria catabolize glucose by the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, a variant of glycolysis in which glucose-6-phosphate is converted to 6 phosphogluconate (as in the pentose phosphate pathway) and then to 2 keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG). Next, an aldolase acts on KDPG. (a) Draw the structures of the products of the KDPG aldolase reaction. (b) Describe how these reaction products are further metabolized by glycolytic enzymes. (c) What is the ATP yield when glucose is metabolized to pyruvate by the Entner–Doudoroff pathway? How does this compare to the ATP yield of glycolysis?Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, figure below)catalyzes first committed (rate-limiting) step in hepatic gluconeogenesis, namely the reversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and carbon dioxide. This reaction can occur using either ATP or GTP as a source of the phosphate.Which following mutation can potentially improve the binding affinity of the substrate for this enzyme? a. LYS254ARG b. LYS254ASP c. ARG333GLU d. THR255GLYGalactose 1-phosphate: UDP-glucose uridyltransferase (GALT) is an enzyme important for the catabolism of galactose. Patients with GALT deficiency present within days of birth with feeding difficulty, fatigue, jaundice and liver problems, and failure to thrive. In addition, a buildup of galactose and its metabolites are present in the bloodstream. GALT catalyzes the following reaction in galactose catabolism. NOTE that GALT is reversible!! Classify this enzyme and explain why you classified it in this way.