Q: Describe the experimental evidence that DNA is thehereditary material of bacteriophages.
A: Viruses are obligate parasites. They are non cellular entities which have their RNA (ribonucleic…
Q: Explain how nucleotide incorporation errors by DNA polymerase can be repaired, and the role of…
A: DNA replication is a crucial process in the cell-division. It maintains the chromosome number inside…
Q: In a single-locus homology-directed repair (HDR), CRISPR/Cas9 machinery makes breaks in the dsDNA at…
A: 2
Q: Why can’t all genetic diseases be treated with gene therapy ? Explain how the ideal procedure for…
A: Gene therapy is one of the treatment methods to treat genetic diseases. It involves the replacement…
Q: Using nucleotide letters, show the kind of cut that could be made on a DNA molecule to circularize…
A: A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is different from the…
Q: Can you explain what semiconservative means in relationship to the way DNA is copied?
A: In the process of DNA replication, two daughter DNAs are formed with one old and one new strand…
Q: Identify which mutagen is described by the following statement. Causes alkylation of guanine bases.…
A: Mutagens are the physical or chemical components which causes a permanent change in the genetic…
Q: Outline a series of steps by which reverse transcriptase produces DNA on an RNA template.
A: Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) by…
Q: Describe the mechanism by which retrotransposon such as SINES and LINES get moved around within…
A: SINEs These are short interspersed elements. These are 80–400 bp in length and need activities…
Q: Describe the processes involved in denaturing and renaturing of DNA, and explain what is useful…
A: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material of the organisms that transfer from…
Q: Describe one way in which DNA double stranded break repair that occurs because of X-ray damage…
A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected together via…
Q: Why is cDNA used for cloning?
A: Cloning is the production of organisms, which are genetically identical to their parents. These…
Q: How are probes used to screen DNA libraries? Explain how a synthetic probe can be prepared when the…
A: A probe is an oligonucleotide stretch of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) or RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) which…
Q: Draw, or fully describe all parts of the CRISPR Cas complex as it identifies and then cuts DNA.…
A: The CRISPR-cas system is an adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea, which protects the…
Q: What would happen if the restriction enzymes do not cut the DNA at specific recognition sequences?
A: Restriction enzymes are the enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites in order to make short fragments.…
Q: Discuss the Cloning of Chimeric DNA.
A: Chimeric DNA is formed by the genetic recombination method that helps in bringing the together…
Q: Describe some general features of restriction sites.
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a particle made out of two polynucleotide chains that loop around one…
Q: Describe the role of dideoxyribonucleotides ingenerating DNA fragments for analysis
A: Sanger developed a method to determine the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) called the Sanger…
Q: Explain the importance of primers in pinpointing the region of DNA to be amplified, and discuss why…
A: Note- According to our guidelines we have to answer only 1 question. So you can repost the other…
Q: a. Why do bacteria make restriction endonucleases? b. What is it about the endonucleases that…
A: Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at or close unique recognizing sequences known as restriction sites,…
Q: Name the mapping technique used to determine the position of restriction sites in a DNA molecule.
A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected together via…
Q: Describe two ways of mass-producing a targeted section of DNA
A: The two methods that helps in mass-production of a targeted DNA sequence are PCR and Gene cloning…
Q: Explain the mechanisms on the proofreading of DNA.
A: Biological macromolecules are those large molecules that are necessary for the survival and growth…
Q: Explain the Cleavage of DNA by the restriction enzyme EcoRI?
A: Introduction Enzymes are the crucial biomolecules which assists in various biochemical reactions…
Q: Why is bacteriophage Mu mutagenic, and whatfeatures are necessary for Mu to insert into DNA?
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: describe use of transposons as mutagens in bacteria
A: Transposons are the genetic elements that can change their position within the genome.
Q: Explain why DNA polymerase requires a template and a primer.
A: DNA replication is a process, in which the DNA polymerase (DNA pol) is the main key proteins that…
Q: If serendipity means an unintended but beneficial result, how would you relate this term to describe…
A: The literal meaning of serendipity is the finding of a phenomenon that is useful, beneficial, and…
Q: In cloning human DNA, why is it necessary to insert the DNA into a vector such as a bacterial…
A: Plasmid are small, circular, extra-chromosomal, double stranded DNA molecule. They are capable of…
Q: Describe the steps, starting from an endonuclease digested DNA sample, to complete a Southern blot…
A: Southern blotting is a hybridization method for identifying a specific DNA sequence in the host DNA.…
Q: Positional cloning identifies DNA______________s that arelinked to disease genes.
A: DNA or deoxuribonucleic acid is a polymer of deoxy ribonucleotides connected together via…
Q: Describe the outcome of a chain-terminator sequencing procedure in which (a) too few primers are…
A: Chain terminating sequencing is also known as Sanger sequencing which is based on amplification of…
Q: Discuss the use of transposons as mutagens in bacteria.
A: Transposon A transposable element is a mobile element, also known as the jumping gene. This element…
Q: If a restriction enzyme cuts at this DNA sequence: TACGGAT, in general what is this sequence called?
A: DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotides. The bases in one strand…
Q: Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of deaminating agents, alkylating agents, and base…
A: A structural change in the sequence of DNA caused by any alterations is known as mutation and the…
Q: Could a single nucleotide deletion restore the function of a protein-coding gene interrupted by the…
A: Introduction: The functional unit of DNA that code for proteins are known as genes.
Q: . Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths.
A: Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation and analysis of the micromolecules and their…
Q: Explain the strategy by which a human gene can be cloned into a bacterial plasmid vector for…
A: Cloning vectors act as a vehicle to transfer desired foreign genetic material into a cell. All these…
Q: Explain how site-directed mutagenesis can be used to produce an altered protein in bacterial cells.
A: Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique that is used to make specific and…
Q: Describe how certain restriction enzymes generate DNA fragments with sticky ends, and others…
A: Restriction enzymes also called molecular scissors are the type of nuclease enzymes that cleaves the…
Q: what are bacteriophages? explain the functions of attB and attP sequences.
A: Viruses can be defined as particles of DNA or RNA which do not have a cytoplasm, may or may not have…
Q: b) Describe how DNA is digested by different restriction enzymes c) Describe how gel electrophoresis…
A: DNA digestion is the process in molecular biology which is done by restriction enzymes for the…
Q: Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV radiation?
A: Mutations arise due to permanent alterations occurred in the genotypes of organisms which cause…
Q: Explain how DNA is sequenced by the Sanger chain termination method
A: DNA is a polymer of multiple nucleotides connected together via phosphodiester bonds. A nucleotide…
Q: In your own words, describe the series of steps necessary to clone a gene.
A: Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical copies of an individual by natural or…
Q: Define the function of reverse transcriptase.
A: The production of RNA from a DNA template strand is known as transcription. Because it forms RNA…
Q: What specifically will happen if DNA polymerase is inaccurate during DNA synthesis? Explain how this…
A: The DNA polymerases are found during the DNA replication; these are group of catalyze that can…
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- Analyse the data. Which bacteriophage （A，B，C）should use in the mutagenesis experiments and why？Describe at least one important application of DNA technology in each of the following fields: medicine, DNA fingerprinting, and transgenic organisms.Compare the possible differences between a eukaryotic protein-encoding gene cloned by PCR and the same gene cloned by reverse transcriptase PCR (RTPCR).
- What type of enzymes are used to “cut” desired DNA sequences for use in recombinant gene technology experiments? Identify those two enzymes used to cut and paste both genes into the plasmid. Identify all three strategies used in this lab to maximize transformation success. Explain what it means for bacteria to be “competent.” Explains why bacterial competency is this important for this investigation.Q. How can you design your RT-PCR experiment to control for gDNA contamination? A. Use forward and reverse primers that bind to the same exon. B. Run a control lane where only RT was performed and not PCR. C. Run a control lane where mRNA has been amplified using PCR. D. Use forward and reverse primers that span the junction of 2 separate exons.Which technique rapidly replicated specific DNA fragments without cloning in cells? (a) gel electrophoresis (b) cDNA libraries (c) DNA probe (d) restriction fragment length polymorphism (e) polymerase chain reaction
- Describe how PCR is used to amplify a specific gene from total cellular DNA.1. Illustrate the steps in restriction digestion and PCR 2.Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during the COVID Pandemic. For example: it may be used to check if a patient has a COVID virus infection. 3. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the desired product. For Example: the cloning and expression of insulin in bacteria allows for the mass production of this necessary protein for use by diabetic patients.Use GEO2R to perform pairwise group analysis of Rabies Virus. Explore and identify the most regulated genes: gene/protein functions of Rabies virus and Define the significance of these genes/proteins in the disease process.
- CRISPR-Cas9 was first developed as a molecular tool in 2012; during the next few years, its use in molecular biology exploded, as scientists around the world began applying it to many different research problems, and hundreds of research papers describing its application were published. Explain why CRISPR-Cas is such a powerful tool in molecular genetics.Q5. In lab 6, you will set up a PCR reaction to yield amplified DNA products of the rpo B(RNA polymerase B) and 16s rRNA genes. In lab 7, you will set up a sequencing reaction using about 40 ng of these PCR products that you will then add a sequencing primer to the sequencing reaction. If a sequencing reaction is set up with a 100-fold excess of primer to the PCR-amplified DNA product you want to sequence, calculate the number of sequencing primers you will need to add to this sequencing reaction. To perform this calculation, assume your 40 ng sample of double stranded DNA is 4,000 base-pairs (bp) long. Using these two variables of your PCR product [length (in bp) and amount (in g, grams)], you can calculate the number of DNA molecules being sequenced with two conversion factors using the formula below: The average weight of 1 bp is approximately ~650 (g/mole)/bp Avogadro’s number which is 6.02 X 1023 molecules/mole The easiest way to solve this problem is to figure out how much one…Some synthetic biologists have proposed creating an entirely new, freeliving organism with a minimal genome, the smallest set of genes that allows for replication of the organism in a particular environment. This genome could be used to design and create, from “scratch,” novel organisms that might perform specific tasks, such as the breakdown of toxic materials in the environment. Q. How might the minimal genome required for life be determined?
