Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.

Q: Categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical type and effect

A: The nerve tissue is made up of many nerve cells called as neurons. These neurons are the structural…

Q: Illustrate the Binding of Neurotransmitters to Receptors?

A: Neurotransmitters are type of chemical messengers that help to transmit the stimuli from one neuron…

Q: . “Facilitation in a neuronal pool” refers to .

A: "Facilitation in a neuronal pool" refers to when the neurons of the neuronal pool are more excitable…

Q: When ionotropic receptors allow the influx of ions, the postsynaptic cell depolarizes. When they…

A: The neurons are the cells of nervous system that has the conducting capability. The nerve impulse…

Q: Describe the functions of nociceptors and identify the roles of substance P and endorphins.

A: Basically the  detection of a noxious stimuli through the activation of nociceptors. Some Examples…

Q: List the four major features that define the interactions betweenreceptors and their ligands?

A: Receptors are proteins that bind to a specific kind of ligand. They have their conformation that is…

Q: briefly explain the distribution of ions in an axon during depolarization and repolarization.

A: Action potential or an electrical impulse is another name for a nerve impulse. In contrast to a…

Q: Explain responses of nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors to simulation by ACh.

A: Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors that produce a response when…

Q: Why does tolerance not develop with drugs that target ion

A: Tolerance is a biological process in which repeated and increasing frequency of dose of the drug is…

Q: Explain what dual innervation means with regard to the autonomic nervous system.

A: The autonomic nervous system controls the muscles of internal organs (such as the heart, blood…

Q: The output from the hypothalamus and the other brain areas to the effectors is via?

A: The effectors can be described as the bodily organs, tissues, or muscles activated in response to…

Q: Describe how gating of Na+ and K+ in the axon membrane results in the production of an action…

A: In reaction to stimuli, the axon membrane permeability to K+ and Na+ depends on the opening of gated…

Q: Define the term Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors?

A: Answer- Acetyl choline is the neurotransmitter released from the end of the neurons in the brain and…

Q: explain serotonin dopamine and gaba and its effects.

A: Serotonin, dopamine and gaba all are the neurotransmitters means all are chemical massengers of…

Q: Identify the targets of the cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters of the ANS.

A: ANS is the autonomic nervous system which is a branch of the peripheral nervous system or PNS. It is…

Q: Explain why the same neurotransmitter might be excitatory or inhibitory.

A: A neurotransmitter is a chemical signal that travels from a presynaptic cell (sending cell) to a…

Q: Explain summation of EPSPs and IPSPs and the relationship to the initiation of an action potential.

A: The neuromuscular junctions exert stronger effects than the postsynaptic effects generated due to…

Q: Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.

A: Long-term potentiation is a neural process in which the signals between neurons become stronger with…

Q: Briefly describe where a cholinergic drug acts and how itaffects the postsynaptic receptors. Give…

A: Cholinergic drugs Often called parasympathomimetic drugs, because their action mimics the action of…

Q: Muscarinic receptors binda. epinephrine.b. norepinephrine.c. acetylcholine.d. cholinesterase.e.…

A: Receptors are proteins generally cell surface receptors. These bind to ligands and generate a…

Q: Explain how monoamines are inactivated at the synapse and how this process can be clinically…

A: The neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are known as monoamines.

Q: Explain what will happen in an axon undergoing an action potential but which  is unable to utilize…

A: The action potential of a neuron causes the depolarization of its membrane. The resting potential of…

Q: Explain synergistic vs antagonistic

A: Hormones are chemical messengers that travel from the bloodstream to target organs or tissues and…

Q: An action potential signals the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. It binds the…

A: An action potential signals the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. It binds the…

Q: describe the events tha

A: The nerve cell or neuron is the primary unit of communication of the nervous system. These cells…

Q: Describe how neurotransmission occurs across a chemical synapse, using acetylcholine as an example.

A: Synapses are terminals or junctions through which neurons pass signals to target cells or other…

Q: Describe how depolarization occurs along an unmyelinated neuronal axon

A: Propagation of action potential leads to the depolarization of neuron.

Q: Actions of neuropeptides include all the following, except :-a- inhibition of gene transcriptionb-…

A:

Q: What is the reason  tolerance does not develop with drugs that target ion channels?

A: Tolerance occurs when the immune system actively avoids responding to an external antigen. Tolerance…

Q: What is the most abundant excitatory ionotropic neurotransmitter? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C.…

A: The different body organs are accountable for performing specific functions. These organ systems…

Q: Explain what  is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker?

A: Drugs work by interacting with receptors on cell surfaces or enzymes that regulate the rate of…

Q: a. Explain how a graded membrane potential is created when a neurotransmitter is bound by a…

A: When a neurotransmitter is bound by a postsynaptic cell, there is a change in the resting membrane…

Q: Illustrate a major way that receptor activation ceases?

A: Receptors: The chemical messengers that bind to proteins are called receptors. Most of the chemical…

Q: Describe the clinical importance of drugs that mimic or inhibit adrenergic or cholinergic effects.

A: In the human body, there are lots of receptors that receive messages from biological messengers in…

Q: Explain the effects of neurotransmitter binding toreceptors in a chemical synapse

A: Neurotransmitters are the body's chemical messengers. The first neurotransmitter was acetylcholine.…

Q: Name 3 ways in which ion channels are controlled aka "gated."

A: Ion channels are pore-framing layer proteins that permit particles to go through the channel pore.…

Q: Describe the intracellular response to activation of α and β adrenergic receptors

A: Introduction:The adrenergic receptors, also known as adrenoceptors, are G protein-coupled receptors…

Q: How would the effects differ between a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and one…

A: Drug can inhibit or block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Q: Neuronal pathway in Alzheimer’s disease and how it works . Draw a diagram .

A: In Alzheimer's disease, memory abilities are lost not because the brain can no longer store…

Q: Give two mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert their effects.

A: Neurotransmitters are the chemical signals which are released from the neuronal cells from the CNS…

Q: Describe the differences between cooperative effects and antagonistic effects in dual innervation of…

A: It is related to the nervous system.

Q: neurotransmitters

A: The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic system .    The…

Q: Explain how potassium moves across a nerve cell membraneduring both depolarization and…

A: Introduction: Ion channels are specific proteins in the plasma layer that give a way through which…

Q: Describe the basic pathways of sympathetic innervation from the spinal cord to the effector organs…

A: The sympathetic system enacts various complex pathways and parts to components quicker…

Q: Explain the possible implications of following: Resonant, Hyperresonant and Dull.

A: Percussion is a technique for determining the underlying structures of a surface and is used in…