Describe the requirements for adherence and colonization.

Q: Relate examples of secondary immunodefi ciencies.

A: Secondary immunodeficiency - Secondary immunodeficiency are the disorder, which is caused by…

Q: Details about Antibody seroconversion in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients infected with severe…

A: When a person gets infected, antibodies are produced against the antigen causing the disease. During…

Q: Explain the Action of the complement system against abacterium ?

A: Complement is a complex protein network of plasma and an integral part of the innate immune system.…

Q: Differentiate among the following factors of bacterial intoxification and bacterial infection…

A: Foodborne infection is originated by the ingestion of food including living bacteria which grow and…

Q: Define the Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults ?

A: Immunization or vaccination is a preventive health strategy that protects from disease by…

Q: Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?

A: Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses,…

Q: "Discuss routes used by disease organism to enter the body?"

A: Disease organisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and worms. They cause infectious…

Q: Describe the antimicrobial medications that interfere with the following: protein synthesis, nucleic…

A: Antimicrobial drugs are chemicals that have the property to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes.…

Q: Identify the effects of immunization on the incidence ofmeasles, mumps, rubella, and chicken pox.

A: Immunization or vaccination is the process by which the immune system of an individual is made…

Q: Describe host tissue specificity for pathogens.

A: A pathogen is anything which is capable of causing disease in an organism. Germs or any infectious…

Q: Describe the factors determining host resistance.

A: Host resistance can be defined as the ability of a host to decrease the action of the pathogen on…

Q: . Describe the physical barriers to infection

A: Physics barriers are the part of innate immunity which is known as the first line of diffence. They…

Q: Give examples of new agglutination tests used to diagnose viral and bacterial diseases.

A: The Agglutination tests are principally the antigen-antibody reaction which can be either direct or…

Q: Explain the various causes of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ?

A: Step 1 Immuno-deficiency diseases are diseases caused by a defect in one or more components of…

Q: Describe the mechanisms pathogens use to penetrate the skin and mucous membranes.

A: Ans: Pathogens: The microorganisms which break the barrier of the human bodies immune system and…

Q: Which pathogen is most likely to be treated with antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are a particular type of medicine that helps stop infections caused by bacteria. They…

Q: describe the external barriers to infection, including how they function and why they are…

A: Innate immune system responds to the infection by activating the first line of defense that includes…

Q: Explain how antibiotics work to rid the body of infection.

A: Antibiotics are the drugs used to the cells. It can be antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and…

Q: a. Seropositivity means having a blood serum that tests positive. Explain why it may or may not…

A: Infectious or non-infectious diseases could affect the body’s functioning. When blood serum is…

Q: Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer for a singleinfectious agent, from the acute phase…

A: Antigen is a foreign particle or infectious agent which elicits the immune response in one body and…

Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.

A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…

Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: describe the EIA test for HIV antibodies and state the significance of a positive HIV antibody test

A: HIV is a retroviruses whose genome is made up of RNA. The genome of RNA is surrounded or…

Q: In both C. difficile–associated disease and bacterial vaginosis, the disease begins when the normal…

A: Intestinal microflora act as a primary line of defense against exogenous microbe invasion, and thus…

Q: Define the different types of graft rejection.

A: Introduction  The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue…

Q: path of a monocyte from the blood to the tissue during inflammation. (Use the terms margination,…

A: When the body suffers cellular damage, the immune system primarily comprises of several types of…

Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.

A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…

Q: Describe the inflammatory lesion associated with lupus erythematosus.

A: Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. In this disease immune system attacks its…

Q: Explain the role of ' resident flora' in preventing infection and as source of infection

A: Resident flora are permanent residents of body sites especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and…

Q: List the systemic responses to infection or injury and the mediators responsible for them

A: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an exaggerated defense response of the body to a…

Q: Differentiate between contamination, colonization, infection, anddisease, and explain some possible…

A: The terms contamination, colonization, infection and disease are related to the interaction of an…

Q: Explain innate Immunity and Fungal Infection.

A: Introduction :- Immunity refers to a multicellular organism's ability to resist dangerous pathogens.…

Q: efine the Recommended Immunization Schedule f dults ?

A: Immunization or vaccination is a preventive health strategy that protects from disease by the…

Q: Identify the normal defenses of the body against infection ?

A: A disease is a specific aberrant condition that affects the structure or function of all or part of…

Q: Identify the classification of host Defenses.

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Q: Explain the three mechanisms of graft rejections: (i) Hyperacute rejection (ii) Acute rejection…

A: Graft rejection occurs when the beneficiary's immune system attacks the donated graft and starts to…

Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?

A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…

Q: Identify specific chemotherapeutic treatments to control infection

A: Chemotherapy is a method of cancer treatment that involves the administration of one or more…

Q: Explain the stepwise progression of plaque deposition to periodontaldisease.

A: Dental plaque is usually composed of microorganisms, they exist within an intracellular matrix.

Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?

A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…

Q: Describe the mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics and describe their importance for…

A: Antibiotics are the medicines which are used to cure infections which are caused by bacteria. These…

Q: Compare toxigenic E. coli disease with invasive disease. How are they different?

A: Introduction: There are various clinical subtypes of diarrhoeal diseases. The condition in which…

Q: Define infectious dose, and explain its role in establishing infection.

A: Infections are a result of infectious doses. Organisms that spread these infections are known as…

Q: Describe the categories of grafts and how rejection is prevented.

A: Grafting is a surgical procedure to move tissue from one position to another on the body or from…

Q: Describe the basic steps in acute inflammation.

A: Introduction Damage to body tissues results in inflammation, which can be brought on by a variety of…

Modes of Nutrition

It is a biological process of providing or obtaining food that is necessary for growth and health. It includes many physiological processes - absorption, ingestion, assimilation, catabolism, excretion, etc. In biology, the science that deals with nutrition's physiological and chemical processes are called "nutritional science."