Discuss the concept of distributed file systems, focusing on systems like Hadoop HDFS and Google File System (GFS). What are the design principles and trade-offs in building distributed file systems?

Provide a few examples of the problems inherent to standard file processing.

How would you design a system for storing and retrieving large amounts of data in a distributed environment? Provide a high-level overview of the architecture, including the components and their interactions, and discuss some of the key considerations for ensuring scalability, fault-tolerance, and data consistency.

Which is better in distributed database systems: replicating data or breaking it up into smaller pieces (data fragmentation)? Do you think it's possible to combine the processes of replication and fragmentation? How different from one another are the vertical and horizontal kinds of fragmentation? Could you supply me with an example to illustrate what you mean?

Describe the concept of data deduplication in storage systems. How does it work, and what are the benefits of implementing deduplication in enterprise storage?