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- What is a pollution charge and what incentive does it provide for a firm to take external costs into account?Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?The rows in Table 12.7 show three market-oriented tools for reducing pollution. The columns of the table show three complaints about command-and-control regulation. Fill in the table by stating briefly how each market-oriented tool addresses each of the three concerns.
- In a market without environmental regulations, will the supply curve for a film account for private costs, external costs, both, or neither? Explain.A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.
- Show the market for cigarettes in equilibrium, assuming that there are no laws banning smoking in public. Label the equilibrium private market price and quantity as Pm and Qm. Add whatever is needed to the model to show the impact of the negative externality from second-hand smoking. (Hint: In this case it is the consumers, not the sellers, who are creating the negative externality.) Label the social optimal output and price as Fe and Qe. On the graph, shade in the deadweight loss at the market output.Imagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 100 – 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 50 – E. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $4 to $12, the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $____Imagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 18 – 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 9 – E. With a tax on emissions of $4, the benefits of adopting the new technologies are $____
- Suppose that a firm’s emissions and Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) data are summarized in thetable below. e MAC 0 200 10 180 20 160 30 140 40 120 50 100 60 80 70 60 80 40 90 20 100 0 a. If the price of a pollution permit is $100, how many permits will the firm need? Explain.b. Suppose that the price of a pollution permit increases to $120, how many permits will thefirm need? Explain.c. With this new price of $120, will the firm’s emissions increase or decrease? By howmuch? Explain.d. Can the firm sell any permits? If so, what is the revenue generated from permit sales?Explain.Imagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 10 – E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 5 – 0.5E. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $2 to $4, the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $____.Select one:a. $4.b. $8.c. $6.d. $10.