Explain how the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to the presence of heterophile antibodies in the patient’s blood.

Q: Suggest reasons why developing a safe and effective vaccine usually takes many years.

A: Vaccines are made by taking weak strains or killed viruses or bacteria so that they can't reproduce…

Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: Explain how cytotoxic T cells kill target cells.

A: APCs stands for antigen-presenting cells. They are a large group of a variety of cells that trigger…

Q: A mother has two children. The first was born perfectly healthy while the second one was born with…

A: In the second baby, the presence of rashes, clumping, and lysis of blood describes the hemolytic…

Q: Explain the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ?

A: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus : It is an autoimmune disease. It is an inflammatory disease caused…

Q: Describe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context…

A: Cancer is a condition in which the cells undergo infinite multiplication and differentiation causing…

Q: The capsule of the infecting microorganism which is composed of polysaccharides can also activate…

A: Introduction  The immune response is a set of mechanisms that the body uses to protect itself from…

Q: Explain how the Western blot and complement fi xation tests are performed.

A: Proteins are the most abundant organic molecule in living systems. It plays a role in structural,…

Q: Describe the process of desensitization that reduces the IgE response to an allergen.

A: The term "desensitization" refers to an immunological procedure that involves producing specific…

Q: The least abundant immunoglobulin is IgE, for a good reason. Explain what the reason might be

A: Immune responses can be either innate or adaptive. Innate immunity is the inborn resistance, while…

Q: Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the…

A: Introduction :- One of three pathways that activate the complement system, which is part of the…

Q: Explain how it is possible for people to give a false-positive reactionin blood tests for syphilis,…

A: Syphilis is caused by  bacterium Treponema pallidum. And it can be detected with blood test called…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a way that an antibody can destroy a bacterial cell? a.…

A: Ans :- option (D) is right

Q: Describe how the antibodies created from the immunizations render and antigen harmless

A: Antigen-It is foreign particle which enter in body and harmful for body.eg pathogens,bacteria etc.…

Q: How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for a precipitationreaction, and under what…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the foreign particles and…

Q: Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer for a singleinfectious agent, from the acute phase…

A: Antigen is a foreign particle or infectious agent which elicits the immune response in one body and…

Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.

A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…

Q: . Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more prevalent thanthose of the IgG class. Explain this…

A: Immunoglobulins or antibodies are glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. These are Y shaped…

Q: ribe the reason that it is useful that antibodies have two antigen binding arms.

A: By the time B lymphocytes reach lymphoid tissue, they have developed their own set of antigens. This…

Q: Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.

A: 1. The viruses are internalized by the macrophages by phagocytosis.  2. Then they process the virus…

Q: Why monoclonal antibodies method is better than Polyclonal Antibodies method in detecting specific…

A: Y-shaped immunoglobulins are called antibodies which are produced by B cells. When a foreign antigen…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Explain why it is not possible for someone to contract a disease through a vaccine, but still have…

A: Vaccine-  A vaccine is defined as any substance which is used to stimulate the production of…

Q: If you are infected with SARS-Cov-2, but have undetectable or low levels of antibodies a few months…

A: The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes a respiratory disease called COVID-19. It is a member of a large…

Q: How Liquefactive necrosis can generate disease ?  please Explain at your own words

A: Necrosis refers to the unprogrammed, premature death of cells in living tissue (autolysis) due to…

Q: Describe the potential problems that would arise if a personhad an acquired inability to phagocytose…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of the organism to resist against infections or diseases by…

Q: allergic asthma is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity, what are the major characteristics of this…

A: Allergic asthma is asthma which trigger by same substance which triggers allergy. Type 1…

Q: Briefly Explain this statement "Immunomodulator Agents "-Please explain at your own words.

A: There are certain drugs  which can modulate the immune response are called Immunomodulator. They are…

Q: Weigh the following observation: High titers of antibodies for EBVare found in a leukemia patient; a…

A: Introduction  Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the common viruses that infects the humans, it is…

Q: Explain the principle of HAT medium used during monoclonal antibodies production.

A: Monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) act like human antibodies and are produced synthetically. They are used…

Q: Explain the actions of each of the following that make them virulencefactors:a. hemolysins b.…

A: An organism that causes disease is called pathogen. Virulence factors are the biomolecules in the…

Q: Explain why a person whose blood test shows an abnormallylow leukocyte count should be given an…

A: *A person whose blood test shows an abnormally low leukocyte count is considered immunocompromised…

Q: Explain why frequent handwashing may reduce thetransmission of influenza.

A: The CDC and WHO states that preventing the diseases is a procedure where the individuals can stay…

Q: Antibody Basic Structure Function IgM IgD

A: structure: IgM is constructed of five or six units (i.e. mostly as pentamers but also hexamers…

Q: Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select…

A: Our body, has a natural fighting tendency to eradicate all the foreign substances or germs that has…

Q: Explain why immunosuppressive drugs should be taken on aregular and permanent basis following a…

A: Tissue or organ transplant is a process in which damaged or severely injured tissue or organs are…

Q: Precipitation       b) Agglutination       c) Neutralizing       d) Complement fixation

A: Antigen-antibody reactions are specific chemical interactions between antibodies produced by B cells…

Q: Briefly describe how antigenic shifts occur and can lead to the generation of pandemic influenza…

A: It is a common viral infection that can be deadly especially in high risk groups. It attacks the…

Q: Explain why Kaposi’s sarcoma is more common inimmunocompromised patients.

A: The immunocompromised patients are the patients who have impaired or weakened immune systems and do…

Q: Describe about the role of mast cells and basophils in allergy.

A: Mast cells are the modified basophils of the immune system of vertebrate animals. Basophils are a…

Q: Explain why penicillin can cause a hypersensitivity reaction

A: Penicillin is a group of drug that attack a wide range of bacteria. The adverse effect of penicillin…

Immune Disorders

The collaboration between the cells and proteins that work together as a defense system against infection comprises the immune system.Each of them performs a variety of tasks to recognize and/or react against a foreign body.