Explain the concept of distributed database transparency and its different dimensions (location, replication, fragmentation). How do these dimensions affect transparency?

Discuss the concept of sharding in distributed databases. How does sharding improve performance and scalability, and what are the considerations when choosing a sharding strategy for a distributed system?

When it comes to distributed database systems, which is a better option: data replication or data fragmentation? Do you believe that it is possible to combine the processes of replication and fragmentation? Is it feasible to differentiate between fragmentation that occurs vertically and fragmentation that occurs horizontally? Could you give me an example to illustrate what you mean to support my point of view?

Describe the concept of data transparency in distributed databases, including its various types and their significance.

Describe the challenges associated with achieving consistency in a distributed database system. How do techniques like Two-Phase Commit (2PC) and Three-Phase Commit (3PC) address these challenges?

When should data replication and data fragmentation be used in distributed database systems? What about combining replication and fragmentation? Can you explain the distinction between vertical and horizontal fragmentation? Could you provide me an illustration of your argument?

In a distributed database environment, what are the key challenges related to data consistency, and how can these challenges be addressed using techniques such as two-phase commit (2PC) and three-phase commit (3PC)?

Discuss the various types of transparency in a distributed database system. How does location transparency differ from fragmentation transparency?

Describe the concept of data fragmentation in a distributed database system and provide examples of different fragmentation strategies.

When comparing database replication and database fragmentation, what are the primary distinctions between the two?