Explain the fundamental principles of microcontroller architecture. How do microcontrollers differ from microprocessors, and what are their typical applications?

Central Processing Unit (CPU):
A microcontroller contains a CPU core that executes instructions. It's often a low-power, low-performance processor designed for specific tasks.

Memory: 
Microcontrollers have coordinated memory, including program memory (flash or ROM) for storing firmware and data memory (RAM) for runtime data storage.

Peripherals:
They work in peripherals like clocks, counters, GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) pins, UARTs (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), ADCs (Analog-to-Digital Converters), and PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) regulators.

Clock Source:
Microcontrollers have an inward clock source or can interface with an outside oscillator, deciding their execution speed.

Instruction Set:
Microcontrollers utilize a particular guidance set custom-fitted to the particular application. These guidelines frequently work with peripherals.

Low Power Consumption:
Designed for low-power operation, making them ideal for battery-powered devices and embedded systems.