Explain the role of normal defenses in preventingdisease

Q: Describe the reason behind the occurrence of phage growth and release by the mating with the…

A: Bacteriophages frequently transition between the lytic and lysogenic states. The two gene regulatory…

Q: Explain the cytokine storm.

A: A cell is the smallest basic structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms are…

Q: Explain the structure of protective system in detail with necessary diagram ?

A: The mechanism of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part…

Q: What is the expected result if a compromised person is exposed to a true pathogen?

A: The term 'immuno-compromised' refers to the condition of an individual whose immune defenses are…

Q: Explain how a capsule can allow an organism to be serum resistant and avoid phagocytosis.

A: Alternative pathway involves the C3b activation, which include the antibody-mediated immune…

Q: Describe the process of immunohistochemistry to detect a specific protein of interest.

A: or ImmunoHistoChemistry ( IHC), is an uncommon staining measure performed on new or frozen breast…

Q: Discuss the modes of treatment of inflammation.

A: The body's process of fighting against foreign substances that cause harm to the body is known as…

Q: Molecules that function as antibodies and help the body to fight infection include 12

A: Macromolecules are very large molecules commonly composed of the polymerization of smaller subunits…

Q: Describe the process of desensitization that reduces the IgE response to an allergen.

A: The term "desensitization" refers to an immunological procedure that involves producing specific…

Q: Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.

A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex network of immune cells and proteins that work together…

Q: Illustrate with diagrams and briefly explain the proteolysis of an immunoglobulin with (i) papain,…

A: The glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells or white blood cells are known as the…

Q: Explain the use of tPAs (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)

A: Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is associated with the breakdown of blood clots present in the…

Q: how can allergen(a) responsible be identified

A: Here we have to discuss that how responsible allergen will be identified?

Q: Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

A: Answer- Antibiotic resistance is the ability of the bacteria to resist the antibiotic.

Q: explain  Resistance plasmids

A: Plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes,…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Describe the three basic kinds of killing cells.

A: Advent of White blood cells (WBC):                   Human body manufactures several types of white…

Q: Define vaccine.

A: Immunity  It is the ability of body to fight infections. Types -  1) on the basis of source Natural…

Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.

A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…

Q: Is lytic or lysogenic more dangerous?

A: Viruses do not replicate by themselves as they use the enzymatic machinery of the host cell for…

Q: Explain Using antibodies to monitor protein localization.

A: Proteins are the building blocks of the cell. Studying the protein location helps in determining the…

Q: What are the functions of Defense proteins?

A: Proteins are the polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Q: Explain why IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?

A: Ans: IgG is one of the class of antibody important in eliciting the immune response.

Q: Explain the host defenses against cancer

A: The condition in which the cells exhibit uncontrolled, indefinite, and abnormal growth is referred…

Q: How Antibiotic resistance will develop? Give one example ?Use your own words to explain?

A: Antibiotics are the chemical substances that used to stop or destroy the activity of various micro…

Q: Discuss the importance of the host complement response

A: 1-The importance of the host complement response is that it act as a  defence mechanism for…

Q: Which control antibody can differentiate between plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane?

A: Antibody or the immunoglobin are the proteins secreted by plasms cells of the immune system. It is…

Q: Describe the mechanisms by which circulating phagocytic cellsare recruited to a site of infection.

A: Phagocytosis is a process by which the cell engulfs the antigen by using its plasma membrane.

Q: Of which type of defensecell do viral infectionsstimulate the multiplication?

A: Viral infection causes stimulation of various specific and nonspecific types of immunity in the…

Q: Explain why the type of innate immune response used by the host during an infection is dependent…

A: The ability of an organism to fight against any foreign organism that may try to invade its body, is…

Q: Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.

A: A complex network of proteins and cells that defends the body against infection is known as immune…

Q: Describe some intracellular host macromolecules that may be bound by steroid molecules to prevent an…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: describe how avoiding the use of antibiotics for viral infections can prevent the spread of…

A: Antibiotics are small molecules synthesized by microbes to kill other microbes. They are effective…

Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?

A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…

Q: List the Events in the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophages.

A: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and they depend on host cells for reproduction and…

Q: Describe the significance and need for receptor editing as a part of elimination of self-reactive B…

A: Autoimmune resistance prevents cells from causing potentially damaging reactions to host tissues.…

Q: a. List the bacteria from this chapter for which general, routine vaccines are given. b. For which…

A: Immunity is the body's biological system to recognize the antigen and fight gainst them and protect…

Q: the endocytic and exocytic pathways in terms of directionality, purpose, and participation of…

A: THE ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY- In the endocytic pathway, materials are brought inside the cell from the…

Q: Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select…

A: Our body, has a natural fighting tendency to eradicate all the foreign substances or germs that has…

Q: Explain the steps of inflammation and how they lead to the destruction of a pathogen

A: Inflammation is a local immune response produced by the cells towards the presence of any pathogenic…

Q: Explain the role of adaptive immunity in bacteria ?

A: Turning/switching genes on and off is referred to as gene regulation. Cells start to take on…

Q: For allograft transplantation: (a) How do doctors avoid hyperacute rejection?

A: Transplant rejection is the point at which the organ beneficiary's immune framework recognises the…

Q: Describe the endocytic pathway in general terms

A: Endocytosis remains one of the most attractive issues in biology and biomedical sciences due to its…

Q: How might antibiotic resistance be prevented?

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that control or inhibit the growth of microorganisms,…

Q: Explain the significance of opsonization.

A: Optimization is the process by which our body target pathogens by opsonin proteins like C3b . These…

Q: Identify the mechanism used by phagocytes to inducepathogen killing.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.