Explain why we cannot bit-stuff in character-oriented framing to change a flag byte appearing in the text. Explain why there is only one address field (instead of two) in an HDLC frame. Bit-stuff the following frame payload: 0001111111001111101000111111111110000111

Which assignments are correct with the following definitions? signal A_BUS, B_BUS, z_BUS: std_logic_vector (3 downte 0); signal A_BIT, B_BIT, CBIT, D_BIT : std_logic signal BYTE: std logic_vector (7 downto 0): Select one: °a BYTE ABUS: *b. BYTE (3 downto 0) 1&B_BIT & 0; °c ZBUS A_BIT &B_BIT, a. BYTET downto 4) A_BIT & B_BIT &A_BIT & B_BIT;

IEEE 754-2008 contains a half precision that is only 16 bits wide. Th e left most bit is still the sign bit, the exponent is 5 bits wide and has a bias of 15, and the mantissa is 10 bits long. A hidden 1 is assumed. Write down the bit pattern to represent 1.5625 101 assuming a version of this format, which uses an excess-16 format to store the exponent. Comment on how the range and accuracy of this 16-bit fl oating point format compares to the single precision IEEE 754 standard.

q11-  This question involves estimation of error handling overhead for a communication link which has a BER of 10−2   Forward error correct (FEC) Frame:  Total 1144 bits   1024 bit of data 120 FEC bits Error Detection + automatic repeat request (ED + ARQ) Frame:   Total 1074 bits 1024 bit of data 50 CRC bits a) Our task is to find the  approximate frame error rate (FER) for FEC in percentage Answer: Answer b) Estimate the approximate overhead for ED + ARQ in percentage     Answer: Answer

Find the Bitwise AND of the following bit strings: 01 1011 010111 0011 1101   Question 11 options:     Find the Bitwise OR of the following bit strings: (same strings as previous question) 01 1011 010111 0011 1101   Question 12 options:         Find the Bitwise XOR of the following bit strings: (same strings as previous question) 01 1011 010111 0011 1101   Question 13 options:

Audio CDs encode the music at 44,000 Hz with 16-bit samples.Would it make sense to produce higher-quality audio bysampling at 88,000 Hz with 16-bit samples? What about 44,000Hz with 24-bit samples?

The symbol £ is magnified and shown in Figure 1 with a grid superimposed. Figure 1 The image in Figure 1 is to be encoded and encrypted using the following steps: 1. Each of the five horizontal rows of the picture is encoded as a 5-bit binary number. White squares are encoded as Os and black squares as 1s. The horizontal rows are therefore encoded as: Row 1: 00110 Row 2: 01001 Row 3: 11100 Row 4: 01000 Row 5: 11110 2. Starting from the left, the first binary digit is multiplied by 16, the second by 8, the third by 4, the fourth by 2, and the fifth by 1. This will convert the 5-bit binary numbers to decimal numbers as shown below: Row 1: (0 x 16) + (0 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (1 × 2) + (0 × 1) = 0 + 0 +4+2+0 = 6. Row 2: (0 x 16) + (1 × 8) + (0 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (1 × 1) = 0 + 8 +0+0+1 = 9. Row 3: (1 x 16) + (1 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (0 × 1) = 16+8+4 + 0 + 0 = 28. Row 4: (0 x 16) + (1 × 8) + (0 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (0 × 1) = 0 + 8 +0+0+0= 8. Row 5: (1 x 16) + (1 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (1 × 2) + (0 × 1)…

A bit-string of length 9 is generated randomly (each bit-string is equally likely to be generated). What is the probability that the bit-string generated has fewer than three 1's? 3 C(9, 3) 3 C(9, 2) 9! 46 2° C(9, 2) + C(9, 1) + 1 9. 9! 36 2° 3+

How might you encode audio (or video) data in two packets so that if one packet is lost, then the resolution is simply reduced to what would be expected with half the bandwidth? Explain why this is much more difficult if a JPEG-type encoding is used.

In a Von Neumann architecture, groups of bits have no intrinsic meanings by themselves. What a bit pattern represents depends entirely on how it is used. The following table shows bit patterns expressed in hexadecimal notation i. 0x000940C2 ii. 0x8C90FFFC Qa)What decimal number does each bit pattern represent if,       i.It is a two’s-complement integer?       ii.It is an unsigned integer?   b) If each bit pattern represents an MIPS instruction, what instruction will be executed?   c) What decimal number does each bit pattern represent if it is a floating-point number in IEEE 754 standard?