females infertility the germ line less one too many a normal amount of autosomes one too few death males sex chromosomes somatic cells Humans who have aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes are viable. A human who has Turner syndrome (XO) has the normal number of autosomes and will produce the normal amount of proteins from gene on autosomes. A person who is XO has one too few X chromosomes. A Barr body will not form. Most X chromosome genes produce a normal amount of protein. The few genes in the PAR region of the X chromosome remain active on all copies of the X chromosome. In Turner syndrome, those genes produce somatic cells than normal, leading to skeletal abnormalities. with protein in In the Barr body is normally reactivated. In individuals with Turner syndrome, the lower dose of X chromosome gene expression in the female germ line leads to defective oogenesis and 2275 E

females infertility the germ line less one too many a normal amount of autosomes one too few death males sex chromosomes somatic cells Humans who have aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes are viable. A human who has Turner syndrome (XO) has the normal number of autosomes and will produce the normal amount of proteins from gene on autosomes. A person who is XO has one too few X chromosomes. A Barr body will not form. Most X chromosome genes produce a normal amount of protein. The few genes in the PAR region of the X chromosome remain active on all copies of the X chromosome. In Turner syndrome, those genes produce somatic cells than normal, leading to skeletal abnormalities. with protein in In the Barr body is normally reactivated. In individuals with Turner syndrome, the lower dose of X chromosome gene expression in the female germ line leads to defective oogenesis and 2275 E

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Description: femalesinfertilitythe germ linelessone too manya normal amount ofautosomesone too fewdeathmalessex chromosomessomatic cellsHumans who have aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes are viable.A human who has Turner syndrome (XO) has the normal number ofauto

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter12: Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2DAA

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Analysis of X-Linked Dominant and Recessive Traits The X and Y chromosomes are structurally and genetically distinct. However, they do pair during meiosis at a small region near the tips of their short arms, indicating that the chromosomes are homologous in this region. If a gene lies in this region, will its pattern of transmission be more like that of a sex-linked gene or an autosomal gene? Why?
A female child inherits one X chromosome from her mother and one from her father. What sex chromosome does a male child inherit from each of his parents?
BPA and Abnormal Meiosis In 1998, researchers at Case Western University were studying meiosis in mouse oocytes (germ cells) when they saw an unexpected and dramatic increase of abnormal events (FIGURE 12.6). Improper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis is one of the main causes or human genetic disorders. The spike in abnormal meiosis began right after the mouse facility started washing the animals' plastic cages and water bottles in a new, alkaline detergent. The detergent had damaged the plastic, which as a result was leaching bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a synthetic chemical that mimics estrogen, the main female sex hormone in animals. Though it has since been banned for use in baby bottles, BPA is still widely used to manufacture other plastic items and epoxies (such as the coating on the inside of metal cans of food). BPA-free plastics are often manufactured with a related compound, bisphenol S (BPS), that has effects similar to BPA. FIGURE 12.6 Abnormalities in meiosis that occurred after exposure to BPA. Top, the most abnormal meiosis events occurred in mice that were housed in damaged plastic caging with damaged plastic bottles. Damaged plastic releases BPA. Bottom, fluorescent micrographs show the chromosomes (red) and spindle (green) in nuclei of mouse germ cells in metaphase I. A Normal metaphase; BD abnormal metaphase. What percentage of mouse oocytes displayed abnormalities of meiosis with no exposure to damaged caging?
Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on Chromosomes Discuss the pertinent features of meiosis that provide a physical correlate to Mendels abstract genetic laws of random segregation and independent assortment.
The chromosome constitution number of this individual is 2=6. This drawing represents: a. mitotic metaphase. b. meiotic metaphase I. c. meiotic metaphase II. d. a gamete. e. sixnonhomologous chromosomes.
Mutations Can Uncouple Chromosomal Sex from Phenotypic Sex Give an example of a situation in which genetic sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex do not coincide. Explain why they do not coincide.
Assuming that such a fly would be viable, what would be the sexof a fruit fly with the following chromosomal composition?A. One X chromosome and two sets of autosomesB. Two X chromosomes, one Y chromosome, and two sets ofautosomesC. Two X chromosomes and four sets of autosomesD. Four X chromosomes, two Y chromosomes, and four sets ofautosomes
Including the sex chromosomesthe chromosome number of a normal human cell is 23 and the chromosome number of this HeLa cell is
A woman with normal chromosomes mates with a man who also has normal chromosomes. Q.Suppose that, in the course of oogenesis, the woman’s sex chromosomes undergo nondisjunction in meiosis I; the man’s chromosomes separate normally. Give all possible combinations of sex chromosomes that this couple’s children might inherit and the number of Barr bodies that you would expect to see in each of the cells of each child.
How many Barr bodies would you expect to find in humans withthe following abnormal compositions of sex chromosomes?A. XXYB. XYYC. XXXD. X0 (a person with just a single X chromosome)
Over a period of two years, a man in his early 20s receiveda series of intermittent chemotherapy and radiotherapytreatments for Hodgkin disease. During this therapy, heand his wife were unable to initiate a pregnancy. The man had aseries of his semen samples examined at a fertility clinic. The findings revealed that shortly after each treatment very few mature sperm were present, and abnormal chromosome numbers were often observed in developing spermatocytes. However, such chromosome abnormalities disappeared about 40 days after treatment, and normal sperm reappeared about 74 days posttreatment. How might a genetic counselor explain the time-related differences in sperm production and the appearance and subsequent disappearance of chromosomal abnormalities?
Women sometimes develop benign tumors calledovarian teratomas or dermoid cysts in their ovaries.Such a tumor begins when a primary oocyte escapesfrom its prophase I arrest and finishes meiosis Iwithin the ovary. (Normally meiosis I does not finish until the primary oocyte is expelled from theovary upon ovulation.) The secondary oocyte thendevelops as if it were an embryo. Development isdisorganized, however, and results in a tumorcontaining differentiated diploid tissues, includingteeth, hair, bone, muscle, and nerve. If a dermoidcyst forms in a woman whose genotype is Aa, whatare the possible genotypes of the cyst, assuming norecombination?