Answered: Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water…

Mathematics For Machine Technology

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337798310

Author:Peterson, John.

Publisher:Peterson, John.

Chapter41: Algebraic Operations Of Addition, Subtraction, And Multiplication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4A: Read the setting of the metric vernier micrometer scale graduated in Figure 41-1 in 0.001m

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Question

Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water
Exercise 2.250 introduces a study showing that
fluoride exposure might have long-term negative
consequences for the offspring of pregnant women.
Part of the study examines the effect of adding flu-
oride to tap water on mean fluoride concentration
in women. Summary statistics for fluoride concen-
tration (measured in mg/L) for the two groups are given in Table 6.17. Find and interpret a 99% con-
fidence interval for the mean increase in fluoride
concentration for those with fluoridated tap water.
1. find the t-score enter positive z-score

2. find the standard of error round 4 decimal places.
3 find the margin of error round 4 decimal places

Table 6.17 Fluoride in tap water
Sample size
141
228
Tap water
Fluoridated
Non-fluoridated
Mean
0.69
0.40
St.Dev.
0.42
0.27

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...

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