For a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is done by.. Select one: a. G-protein coupled receptors bind ligand, a phosphorylation cascade occurs, this causes a change in charge of the membrane due to the addition of phosphates allowing Na+ channels to open. b. Ligand-gated K+ channels open, allowing K+ to rush out of the cell and depolarize that part of the membrane. This change in charge opens neighboring voltage-gated channels. c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in. This then depolarizes that region of the membrane resulting in opening neighboring voltage-gated channels. d. Receptor tyrosine kinases have two Na+ molecules bind, this opens voltage-gated channels allowing the “signal” to pass down the axon.

For a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is done by.. Select one: a. G-protein coupled receptors bind ligand, a phosphorylation cascade occurs, this causes a change in charge of the membrane due to the addition of phosphates allowing Na+ channels to open. b. Ligand-gated K+ channels open, allowing K+ to rush out of the cell and depolarize that part of the membrane. This change in charge opens neighboring voltage-gated channels. c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in. This then depolarizes that region of the membrane resulting in opening neighboring voltage-gated channels. d. Receptor tyrosine kinases have two Na+ molecules bind, this opens voltage-gated channels allowing the “signal” to pass down the axon.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons...

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You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017
Which of the following statements regarding polarized membranes is incorrect? a. There is a separation of the charge by a membrane, resulting in its ability to do work. b. An RMP of –60 mV indicates that there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. c. A resting membrane potential (RMP) of –90 mV indicates the there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. d. There is a difference in the charges found on the inside of the membrane to the outside.
Which of the following happens if the concentration of potassium in the extracellular fluid increases too much?A) Potassium would be taken up by the oligodendrocytes, so no net change in signaaaling would result. B) No signaling could occur. C) The Neuron would become hyperexcitable D) The sodium pumps would immediately fix the situation, so no net change in signaling would result.
Jose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane potential changes in one cell, the membrane potential of the neighboring cell changes in a similar manner. For example, if one cell hyperpolarizes, the neighboring cell also hyperpolarizes. He concludes the cells are electrically coupled. Which of the following is the most likely to cause the electrical coupling? a.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to integrins that connect the two cells. b.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to tight junctions that connect the two cells. c.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to desmosomes that connect the two cells. d.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to gap junctions that connect the two cells.
This graph shows the relative voltage of a neuron's cytoplasm near the plasma membrane relative to the zone outside the membrane. A similar graph could be drawn for a skeletal muscle cell. Which statement about this graph is NOT RIGHT? A. During "A" there are more K+ inside the cell than outside the cell B. Between D and E the sodium potassium pump is getting ions to their original positions C. During "C" Chloride ions (Cl-) are rushing inside the cell D. During "B" Na+ are rushing inside the cell
When a neurotransmitter binds with receptors at the membrane, it may cause sodium channels to open. An inflow of sodium causes the membrane to partially depolarize and become less negatively charged. For example, the voltage might change from -70 mV to -65 mV. This partial depolarization of the dendrites and cell body acts as: an EPSP, exciting the cell and increasing the likelihood of action potentials. an IPSP, inhibiting the cell and reducing the likelihood of action potentials. none of these options; depolarization has no excitatory or inhibitory effect on a neuron. both an EPSP and and IPSP.
The presence of an electrical gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the neuron.a. In this case who is responsible for maintaining the electric gradient to produce a potential for the resting membrane?b. Explain what is meant by an electrical gradient in the context of a cell (neuron)!
When a signal binds to the Tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK), you have studied that a list of events occur sequentially. Map the events in the correct order from 1st to the last step.
A neuron must reach threshold to fire an action potential. In this context, threshold refers to which event? a. voltage at which damage occurs to the membrane because of the electrical charge b. the voltage at which potassium ions begin to flow in and out of the cell c. the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open d. the voltage at which the neuron can no longer produce an action potential According to studies in developing rodents, testosterone treatment causes detectable changes in: a. the sex region Y gene b. the thalamus c. the hypothalamus d. alpha-fetoprotein
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory. Glutamate's effect when it binds with protein receptors on the post synaptic membrane is to: Select one: a. Initiate movement of sodium ions out of the membrane b. Initiate movement of potassium ions out of the membrane c. Initiate movement of sodium ions into the membrane d. Initiate movement of potassium ions into the membrane
Some postsynaptic synapses are called silent synapses due to the lack of AMPA receptors. Why do those synapses not have a synaptic response at the resting membrane potential? Explain under what conditions you would still be able to detect a postsynaptic response from those silent synapses.
Explain the following; If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it affect the action potential? Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as the neuron’s resting potential. What would happen? At what frequency would the cell produce action potentials?