Given the roles of NAD*/NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, as discussed on page 488, would you expect the intracellular ratio of NAD* to NADH to be high or low? What about the ratio of NADP* to NADPH? Explain your answers.
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- Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides inoxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the followingintracellular concentration ratios should be 1, > 1, or < 1. Explain youranswers.(a) [NAD+] >[NADH](b) [NADP+] >[NADPH](c) Since NAD+ and NADP+ are essentially equivalent in their tendency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might bemaintained inside cells at greatly differing values.Given the roles of NAD+ /NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, would you expect the intracellular ratio of NAD+ to NADH to be high or low? What about the ratio of NADP+ to NADPH? Explain your answers.Which step(s) of cellular respiration would be directly inhibited by high concentrations of NADH? How would this affect other steps of cellular respiration?
- In steroid synthesis, squalene is oxidizedto squalene epoxide. This reaction is somewhat unusual, in thatboth a reducing agent (NADPH) and an oxidizing agent (O2) arerequired. Why are both needed?Describe the PPP reactions (metabolites and enzymes involved) that would be used if the cell requires Ribose-5-phosphate, but no NADPH.A suspension of inside-out submitochondrial particles (i.e., the F1 unit is on the outside of the particle) is placed in a solution that contains ADP, Pi, and NADH. Will increasing the proton concentration of the solution result in ATP synthesis? Explain.
- From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are produced?How do the P/O ratios for NADH differ in ATP synthases that contain 10 and 15 c subunits?(a) NAD+ kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of NAD+ to NADP+. How many reducing equivalents are involved in this reaction? (b) How many reducing equivalents are involved in the conversion of ferric ion to ferrous ion? (c) How many reducing equivalents are involved in reducing one molecule of oxygen gas to water?
- Why does FAHD2 oxidation give 1.5 ATP while NADH oxidation gives 2.5 ATP? Explain this in relation to ETC.Draw the pathway for the conversion of Propionyl CoA to Succinyl CoA as it occurs in thematrix of the mitochondria. Show the structures and names of all reactants and products, as well asthe names of the enzymes. You do not need to draw the structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but doshow them as reactants or products in the appropriate places. You do not need to show themechanisms of the enzymes. Draw the pathway for the conversion of Succinyl CoA into 4 CO2. Show the structures andnames of all reactants and products, as well as the names of the enzymes. You do not need to drawthe structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but do show them as reactants or products in the appropriateplaces. You do not need to show the mechanisms of the enzymes. How many ATPs would be generated by the complete oxidation of Propionyl CoA into 3 CO2using any of the required enzymes of -oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis,the citric acid cycle andoxidative phosphorylation?A dialyzed pigeon liver extract will catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoAto palmitate and CoASH if supplied with Mg2+, NADPH, ATP, HCO3-, andcitrate.(a) If H14CO3– is supplied, what compounds will become labeled (permanently or transiently) during the course of the reaction? In whatcompounds will 14C accumulate?(b) Explain the role of citrate in this reaction.