Gold nanoparticles are applied in cancer therapy; approaches such as photothermal therapy as well as photothermal sensitization have been described. Which of the following statements is correct, mark all that apply: Photothermal therapy and sensitization are the same thing and the terms are used interchangeably Photothermal sensitization also leads to cancer cell death by heat but uses a more sensitive light source Photothermal therapy refers to the process of killing cancer cells by heat Photothermal sensitization weakens cancer cells and hence makes them more susceptible to other treatment regimens, e.g. chemotherapy
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- You are a PhD student interested in studying the effects of hypoxia on the behavior of mesenchymal stemcells. You want to culture cells in a hypoxic environment. You decide to use a tri-gas incubator, which allowsfor precise control of the oxygen tension, as well as the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide inthe cell culture system.A tri-gas incubator is a type of cell culture system that allows for the control of the three main gasesin the culture environment: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The oxygen tension and carbon diox-ide tension in the culture environment can be controlled by adjusting the percentages of these gases in thegas mixture that is supplied to the incubator. Hint: To calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen, you can use pN2= pTotal −pO2−pCO2 Part 1.3Calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen (in mmHg) that would be required. Part 1.4In planning for this experiment, you have to order gas cylinders ahead of time. Which cylinder should youorder the…Bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogens of humans are considered to be Autotrophs Heterotrophs Photosynthetic Hyperthermophiles Chemolithotrophs Which of the following statements best describes the pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum? It elaborates an exotoxin that is a lecithinase that causes tissue necrosis. It elaborates a toxin that suppresses the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. It produces a polysaccharide capsule that inhibits phagocytosis and contributes to invasion of the central nervous system. It elaborates a toxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. It produces a leukotoxin that leads to abscess formation.When heat treatment is used as to control microbial growth, what is the immediate impact of this increased temperature? The microbe's DNA is digested and the microbe can no longer reproduce. The microbe is unable to attach to host cells. The microbe is unable to synthesize and secrete toxins. The microbe's food is destroyed and the microbe is without a food source. The microbe's proteins are denatured and the membranes are disrupted.
- The statements are given below, which will best describe why antimicrobial drugs that affect cell wall synthesis tend to have selective toxicity when used by humans? Human cells only synthesize peptidoglycan as a food source Cell wall synthesis is a common metabolic process in humans and bacteria. Most bacteria only synthesize cell walls during their log phase of growth. Human cells do not have cell walls.Please answer the one question below, thanks In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffered a career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterial infection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in 2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contact or by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death. In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant to many antibiotics. For example, β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However, MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encoded by the mecA gene. β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a, and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their…Please answer the one question below, thanks. In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffered a career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterial infection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in 2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contact or by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death. In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant to many antibiotics. For example, β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However, MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encoded by the mecA gene. β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a, and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their…
- Based on Figure 2, which of the following best supports the claim that drug X inhibits oxygen consumption? a.In the absence of drug X, melanoma lines 1 and 4 consume similar amounts of oxygen. b.In the presence of drug X, melanoma line 2 consumes statistically more oxygen per cell than does melanoma line 3. c.Melanoma line 3 consumes statistically less oxygen per cell in the presence of drug X than it does in the presence of the solvent alone. d.Melanoma line 2 in the presence of drug X consumes statistically less oxygen than does melanoma line 4 in the absence of drug X.Under what conditions does Staphylococcus epidermidis become an opportunistic pathogen? Group of answer choices S. epidermidis can form biofilms on devices inserted into patients during surgery. S. epidermidis becomes pathogenic when it overgrows in the throat. S. epidermidis becomes pathogenic when it produces Shiga toxin. S. epidermidis becomes a pathogen whenever a patient has untreated diabetes.What compounds and metabolites contained in tart cherry juice extract can reduce an unwanted inflammatory response? Cordyceps and dipeptides Flavonoids and anthocyanins Magnesium sulfate and magnesium oxide Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
- Your colleague has given you an unauthenticated cell culture grown from a primary explant. Suggest for screening the fresh cell culture you've received, with a focus on mycoplasma contamination screening, are welcome. Include in the proposal all feasible cell culture conditions.Broad-spectrum drugs target a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. Even when the broad-spectrum drug is capable of killing a target pathogen, it may not be the best treatment. Which statement best explains why a broad spectrum drug might be an undesirable treatment choice? Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are usually toxic to the host cells. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials only work if they are used shortly after the infection begins. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials may kill much of the normal microbiota. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are not able to kill bacteria that are in their log phase of growth. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials may stimulate excess growth of the normal microbiota.Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type found in the epidermal layer. Knowing that manyof these cells die each day while an equal number are produced, you are interested inunderstanding where they come from and how the population is maintained.a) You collect a sample of keratinocytes and allow them to grow in cell culture. Thoughthe cells are visibly indistinguishable from each other, you find that some fail to dividewhile others have formed large colonies. What might be different about the two typesof cells?b) You take all the cells from one of the large colonies and grow them on a fresh plate.You see some of the cells again form large colonies, but most fail to divide. Explainthese results.