Heart pacemakers are often powered by lithium–silver chromate “button” batteries. The overall cell reaction is 2 Li1s2 + Ag2CrO41s2 ¡ Li2CrO41s2 + 2 Ag1s2 (a) Lithium metal is the reactant at one of the electrodes of the battery. Is it the anode or the cathode? (b) Choose the two half-reactions from Appendix E that most closely approximate the reactions that occur in the battery. What standard emf would be generated by a voltaic cell based on these half-reactions? (c) The battery generates an emf of +3.5 V. How close is this value to the one calculated in part (b)? (d) Calculate the emf that would be generated at body temperature, 37 °C. How does this compare to the emf you calculated in part (b)?

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Electrolysis

Electrolysis is defined as the process of breaking down ionic compounds into their constituent elements by passing a direct electric current through the compound in a fluid state. The cathode reduces cations, while the anode oxidizes anions. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some form of external power source are the main components required for conducting electrolysis. A partition, such as an ion-exchange membrane or a salt bridge, may also be used, but this is optional. These are primarily used to prevent the products from diffusing near the opposing electrode.