How do both bacteria and eukaryotes control whether mRNA gets translated?  Describe how mRNA and proteins can be degraded?

Q: Which enzyme removes a phosphate from the 5' end of the MRNA, leaving two phosphates?

A: mRNA is a messenger RNA, it is a single stranded RNA which carries the genetic sequence of the DNA…

Q: How do most transcription factors determine which genes they act upo

A: Protein synthesis through genes occurs in two steps: The DNA sequence present in the gene is…

Q: What are the differences between translation and transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes? Give a…

A: Differences:                                     Bacteria…

Q: How is mRNA interpreted by the translation apparatus?

A: Gene expression can be defined as the process that uses genetic information for the synthesis of any…

Q: Explain how precursor mRNA is modified to produce mRNA.

A: The central dogma of molecular biology briefs that DNA has instructions to synthesise proteins which…

Q: How can the gene expression be controlled by regulating translation initiation?

A: Translation is defined as the translation of the mRNA sequence into protein sequence.

Q: What is the importance of studying the variety, sequences, and amounts of mRNA produced in the cell?

A: A single-stranded RNA molecule that corresponds to a gene's genetic sequence and is read by a…

Q: How is pre-mRNA processing regulated? Give examples

A: pre- mRNA processing regulated : pre- mRNA processing events are  1) 5' capping  2) Polyadenylation…

Q: Where in eukaryotic cells does mRNA synthesis occur? To where do these molecules migrate?

A: Eukaryotic cell: This cell contains the nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria,…

Q: HOW Ribosomes and Charged tRNAsCollaborate to Translate mRNAsinto Polypeptides?

A: The proteins perform a wide variety of the functions of a cell. The synthesis of proteins is one of…

Q: What serves as the template for making new MRNA?

A: In transcription process a template strand  is used to make a new RNA.

Q: How do miRNAs and siRNAs target RNAs for destruction?

A: miRNAs (microRNAs) and siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) are noncoding RNAs that play important roles…

Q: What serves as the controlled factors (give three factors), dependent variable and independent…

A: Nucleic acids are involved in various processes in the cell, and their main role is the expression…

Q: How the gene is expressed in the cell ?

A: Gene - A gene is defined as a polynucleotide chain that consists of segments each controlling a…

Q: Describe how eukaryotic mRNA molecules are processedand exported to the cytoplasm.

A: In eukaryotes, the strand of mRNA performs several processing procedures before it is exported out…

Q: How to synthesize mRNA ?

A: All cells employ replication, transcription, and translation to maintain track of their genetic…

Q: What determine the RNA Spliceforms of a Gene Are Translated ?

A: The initial RNA that is transcribed from a gene's DNA template must be processed before it becomes a…

Q: How does gene expression and regulation of gene expression differ in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes?

A: A prokaryotic cell varies in composition and functions from a eukaryotic cell, each of which is…

Q: Describe how mRNA is created in transcription step by step.

A: Gene expression is a cycle by which the qualities are gone on to frame RNA and proteins. This is…

Q: . heterochromatic regions decondense for gene expression a. pre-transcriptional control b.…

A: Heterochromatin regions are condensed regions of the chromatin that are transcriptionally switched…

Q: What are riboswitches? How do they control gene expression?

A: Riboswitches are parts of messenger RNA which can control the expression of genes. We can find it in…

Q: What is the evidence that some mRNAs are directed to accumulate in specific subcellular locations?

A: mRNA is te transcribed product of the DNA and has an important role in defining the genetic…

Q: Identify some of the types of regulatory controls that operate in eukaryotes after mature mRNA is…

A: Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at several levels.

Q: How is RNA processing efficiently coupled with the transcription of a pre-mRNA?

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule similar to DNA. Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA…

Q: Explain briefly what happens to eukaryotic mRNA before it can be translated to protein.

A: DNA is the carrier of genetic information in almost all organisms except for certain RNA viruses.…

Q: What are the three modifications made to pre-mRNA molecules before they become mature mRNAs that are…

A: The unmodified mRNA which is present in the nucleus is known as a pre-mRNA. In eukaryotic cells, the…

Q: How does the ribosome know where to start translating?

A: Protein synthesis uses more energy from a cell than any other biochemical mechanism. Proteins…

Q: How do siRNAs and miRNAs target specific mRNAs for degradation or for the repression of translation?

A: MicroRNAs or miRNAs are a group of small (about 22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs that participate in…

Q: Which level of gene regulation is involved when more polypeptides are synthesized from a given mRNA…

A: Transcription:  It is a process of synthesis of mRNA transcript from DNA template by the enzyme RNA…

Q: Why does the mRNA need to be protected from the enzymes in the cell?

A: mRNA need to be protected from the  enzyme  in the cell to inhibit from degradation.  If mRNA get…

Q: How does the translated mRNA convert into a functional protein?

A: Translation is a process in which cells make the proteins.

Q: In RNA silencing, siRNAs and miRNAs usually bind to which part of the mRNA molecules that they…

A: Small interfering RNAs or siRNAs and micro RNAs or miRNAs are those RNA segments that don't code for…

Q: Draw the structural genes of produce Mrna and enzymmes?

A: A structural gene is the gene that encodes for any RNA, enzyme, or protein product other than…

Q: Where in a eukaryotic cell is mRNA made?  In the Golgi apparatus In the cytosol In the plasma…

A: In a eukaryotic cell is mRNA made in the nucleus. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using the…

Q: What is the difference between how miRNA stops gene expression and how siRNA does?

A: The siRNA is obtained from the double stranded RNA after splicing of cutting by Dicer enzyme. But…

Q: how is a ligand secreted starting from the time the ribosome starts translating the mRNA of the gene…

A: This ligand is basically a protein and secretory proteins follow a transport system through which…

Q: How is it that females and males make different MRNAS?

A: The ribonucleotide mRNA, or informational RNA, is generated straight from the DNA molecule within…

Q: how histones and micro RNA control gene expression?

A: Histones are a family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it…

Q: Describe the role of micro RNA (miRNA) in gene expression ?

A: Gene expression is a process in which functional product or protein is formed by the given…

Q: How do sRNAs alter the translation of target mRNAs?

A: Introduction: Small RNAs or sRNAs produced by bacteria are 50-500 long nucleotide sequences that are…

Q: How does alternative splicing affect gene expression?

A: Gene expression refers to the formation of functional product such as protein by a gene which…

Q: • How does a repressor inhibit the synthesis of a specific mRNA?

A: The process by which mRNA is formed from a specific sequence in a gene is called transcription.…

Q: What percent of the transcription in a human cell makes protein-coding RNA, and what percent of…

A: The human genome consists of both the regions, which code for proteins and then which do not. The…

Q: How is it that females and males make different mRNAs?

A: mRNA or messenger RNA is the ribonucleotide synthesized directly from the DNA molecule in the…

Q: How mRNAs are often translated immediately and degraded ?

A: RNA is the short form for Ribonucleic acid, and it is an important biological macromolecule found in…

Q: Explain the concept of Gene Expression Is Regulated by mRNA Stability and Degradation ?

A: Introduction: The control of Gene expression in a eukaryotic cell is done by various levels of…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.