How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia?
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- In your own words, what do you think is/are the reason/s why most of the clinical features of these diseases involve muscle and nerve tissue(Deficiencies of a-KG dehydrogenase, succinate de-hydrogenase SDH and fumarase?1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?5. Which of the following enzymes is NOT used when fructose is metabolized to pyruvate in the liver? a. triose phosphate isomerase b. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate dehydrogenase c. glucokinase d. phosphofructokinase-1 e. pyruvate kinase
- Which of the following enzymes possesses a catalytic mechanism extremely similar to that of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex? A. the isocitrate dehydrogenase B. the succinate dehydrogenase C. the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D. the malate dehydrogenaseUnderstanding the Mechanism of Hemolytic Anemia Genetic defects in glycolytic enzymes can have serious consequences for humans For example, defects in the gene for pyruvate kinase can result in a condition known as hemolytic anemia. Consult a reference to learn about hemolytic anemia, and discuss why such genetic defects lead to this condition.1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?
- 1. All of the following statements about pyruvate dehydrogenase are true EXCEPT: It converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. It is very closely related to alpha-ketoglurarate dehydrogenase. It uses three different cofactors. All of these are true. It produces NADH. 2. Which statement about lactate is TRUE? It is produced when NADH levels are low. It is produced when oxygen levels are high. It is produced when ATP levels are high. It is produced when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate levels are high. It is produced when NAD+ levels are high. 3. Phosphoglycerate kinase is fundamentally similar in function to: None of these phosphofructokinase hexokinase pyruvate kinase galactokinase 4. In the Krebs cycle, the energy released by taking a compound off Coenzyme A is used to: isomerize citrate decarboxylate isocitrate oxidize carbon make a new carbon-carbon bond. reduce carbon 5. True or False Succinate dehydrogenase performs an oxidative decarboxylation reaction. In the Krebs cycle,…1. All of the following statements about pyruvate dehydrogenase are true EXCEPT: It converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. It is very closely related to alpha-ketoglurarate dehydrogenase. It uses three different cofactors. All of these are true. It produces NADH. 2. Which statement about lactate is TRUE? It is produced when NADH levels are low. It is produced when oxygen levels are high. It is produced when ATP levels are high. It is produced when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate levels are high. It is produced when NAD+ levels are high. 3. In the Krebs cycle, the energy released by taking a compound off Coenzyme A is used to: isomerize citrate decarboxylate isocitrate oxidize carbon make a new carbon-carbon bond. reduce carbonThe disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is characterized by neurologic and cardiac symptoms, as well as increased levels of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate in the blood. How does a deficiency of thiamine account for the increased levels of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate?
- In own words, give 5 or more reasons why most of the clinical features of the diseases a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fumarase deficiency involve muscle and nerve tissue? and explain those reasons. Cite used references.1. What molecule are released in the formation of alpha- ketoglutarate into succinyl CoA? A. fad - fadh + h20 B. Fad- fadh C. Nadh+ co2 D. Acetl coa + co2 2.fad is reduced in which of the reaction of the krebs cycle? 3. How many nadh and fadh2 molecules are prodcues respectively during one turn of the citric acid cycle? 4. Acetyl coa is formed from pyruvate by ___ reaction. 5. What enzyme un the ETC is responsibke for generating the atp molecules?1. Discuss the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies. 2. Describe adequately the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. What are the different pathways of glucose metabolism?
