© Macmillan LearningThe coronavirus pandemic that first emerged in 2019 resulted in a large number of people contracting the COVID-19 diseasecaused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although a large percentage of those infectedexperienced only mild symptoms, a significant percentage of individuals without complicating health conditions fell seriously illor died.Suppose researchers hypothesize that a phenomenon called "cytokine storm" may contribute to having a more severe illnessfrom COVID-19 disease. Cytokines normally direct the immune system to sites of infection in the body and increaseinflammation. However, in cytokine storm, excessive cytokines and inflammation leads to hyperinflammation that can causedamage to the tissues.The researchers propose that otherwise healthy patients who have a severe reaction to COVID-19 infection may be experiencingcytokine storm. The researchers analyze qPCR data from confirmed COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms and patients withsevere symptoms. They also analyze patients with mild symptoms confirmed to have the common cold. Patients with thecommon cold typically do not develop cytokine storm. The researchers summarize the fold change in the gene expression levelsfor two hypothetical cytokines.qPCR fold change in cytokine gene expressionPatient populationCOVID-19 mildCOVID-19 severenon-COVID-19 mildnon-COVID-19 severeCytokine 14.94.85.15.5Cytokine 23.815.24.44.6 How much more does cytokine 2 gene expression change in severe COVID-19 patients than in mild COVID-19 patients?cytokine 2:What can the researchers conclude from these data?fold changethat increased cytokine 2 expression levels are the likely cause of cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patientsthat cytokine storm symptoms are likely caused by decreased expression of cytokine 1 in COVID-19 patients comparedto non-COVID-19 patientsthat cytokine 2 expression is increased in severe COVID-19 patients but cytokine 1 expression is not significantlydifferent between severe and mild COVID-19 patientsthat cytokine 1 is not a factor in the negative outcome of severe COVID-19 patients

Cytokine storm is the condition when various cytokines are expressed in very high levels. This cause…

Answered: How much more does cytokine 2 gene…

Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)

5th Edition

ISBN:9781305117396

Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter10: Biotechnology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2CT

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. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The success of some viruses lies intheir ability to evolve rapidly within the host. Such viruses evadethe host’s defenses by mutating and producing many alteredprogeny viruses before the body can mount an attack. Thus, theviruses present late in infection differ from those that initiallyinfected the body. Discuss this as an example of evolution inmicrocosm. Which viral lineages tend to predominate?
e) Bats have been implicated as the source of many viruses against which humans have a difficult time mounting an effective immune response. Interestingly, flight plays an important role. i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how the viruses cross over into humans, and iii) why our immune response has a more difficult time mounting an effective response against them
Make a reflection The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has caused the spread of a respiratory pandemic, for the first time. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue, muscle aches, and other symptoms such as shortness of breath. This study is aimed at investigating the fluid and electrolyte disturbances in COVID-19 patients. The coronavirus family causes infections via respiratory droplets, contact, etc. SARS-CoV-2 can cause kidney injury by having a direct effect on the kidney tissue. The cytopathic effects of COVID-19 on podocytes and proximal tubular straight cells could cause AKI in sufferers. Podocytes are more sensitive to viral and bacterial invasions and are at greater risk. Monitoring renal function can prevent severe complications and reduce mortality. The prevalence of GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients could be between 11.4 and 50% [20]. The ileum and colon can become dysfunctional due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leads to multiple…
Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions16. Bacteriophage: Compare and contrast virulent vs.temperate bacteriophage. In your response please address the following:a. Draw (separately) the components of the lytic and lysogenic cycle and describe the type of virus (virulent or temperate) that goes through each cycle.b. Identify and describe and key steps in each cycle.c. Is the infection productive or latent? Explain. *Be sure to define any terms and be specific in your response.
The impact of communicable diseases (infectious diseases) on human health is obvious. The sudden outbreak of “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” [SARS-CoV-2]” (COVID-19) has made people realize the threat of communicable diseases and their threat to mankind as a complex humanitarian emergency. A highly reactive, multifunctional and efficient emergency management system should be established, and the significance of information communication should be fully understood for the future (Jin et al., 2020). What risk mitigation strategies are being deployed locally and internationally to mitigate the spread of the disease?
Evaluate how each of the following results of scientific studies regarding mutations of the SARS-COV2 viral genome may implicate how humans can live with the virus for generations to come. Results Implication Scientific analysis of SARS-COV2 viral genomes from different countries has revealed that the virus accumulates about 2 new mutations per month. Many of these mutations have occurred due to their many battles with the immune systems of their human hosts. The vast majority of mutations have little or no effect on how the virus behaves, but scientists are keeping a watchful eye on mutations of the critical region of the viral genome: the gene encoding the spike protein. Mutations that give the virus an evolutionary advantage should be more likely to turn up repeatedly in the virus’ family tree.
Chapter 17 How do viruses replicate? What is the basic structure of viruses? What is the difference between DNA viruses and RNA viruses? How are Viruses visualized? What are the steps of virus infections? List external barriers and chemical barriers found in the immune system. What are the characteristics of an inflammatory response? Define the humoral immune response. What is it controlled by? Define the cell-mediated immune response. What is it controlled by? Define allergies. Define and distinguish in between the two hypersensitivities: Delayed and Autoimmune. What is the spleen and what is its primary function? (Ans. Part of the lymphatic system that acts as a blood filter) What is lymph? What is autoimmunity? What is an autoantibody? How do antibodies binding to antigens fight off infections? (Ans. Through neutralization, opsonization and complement activation) What are macrophages? What are cytokines? Chapter 18 Define and give examples of Parthenogenesis, Budding,…
The current pandemic COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is caused by 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus). You just learned about the transmission rate hypothesis for the evolution of pathogen virulence and the power of natural selection. Which of the following statements may go through your mind? - For individuals infected with a more virulent viral strain, each cough is likely to contain more virus particles when compared to individuals who are infected with a less virulent strain. Therefore, uninfected individuals will have a higher chance of being infected when encountering the droplets from individuals infected with a more virulent strain. - However, individuals infected with a more virulent viral strain is likely to get sick sooner and show severer symptoms, thus will have less time being out and about when compared to individuals infected with a less virulent viral strain. - If there is no public health measures on social distancing to prevent congregation,…
WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION While virusesare considered by most scientists to be nonliving, they doshow some characteristics of life, including the correlationof structure and function. In a short essay (100–150 words),discuss how the structure of a virus correlates with its function.
HIV attacks only specifi c types of human cells, such as certain white blood cells and nerve cells. Can you explain why a virus can enter some types of human cells but not others?
1)How can viruses be beneficial? 2. Name two important features of retroviruses and give an example of one. 3. Why do you think that nomadic societies are less likely to support extremely virulent viruses? 4. What was the role of filtration in the discovery of viruses? 5. Imagine a new respiratory virus that spreads via contact, droplet, and airborne transmission and we have no medical measures to stop the infection. Outline public health measures (non-medical interventions that can reduce the spread of a disease) that can be taken to slow down the spread of this virus.
If viruses are not living, how come they adapt to their environment, replicate and cause infection?In the time of Covid-19 pandemic, explain how social distancing works to control the spread of viruses?

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