Hydrogen ions (free protons) are a constant threat to the survival of ourcells and therefore our lives..what mechanism do the kidneyspossess that allow the quick removal of extracellular acid (via urine)?A. The filtration of protein allows free protons to be captured and removedin the urine.B. Reabsorption of filtered protein allows more extracellular buffers.C. The secretion of hydrogen ions allows for the urinary removal ofextracellular acid.D. The renal-colonic mechanism allows hydrogen ions to be removed viathe feces.

Blood pH should be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. The pH below 7.35 indicates that the blood is…

Answered: Hydrogen ions (free protons) are a…

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter14: The Urinary System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SQE

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the process that initiates urine formation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of fluid from the blood plasma into kidney tubules under the force of blood pressure. What properties of the blood plasma in the urine-forming structures of the kidney are likely to affect the rate of ultrafiltration into the kidney tubules? Why is failure of urine production a potential side effect of heart disease?
The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Explain how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.
Reptiles and birds excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid. Is there an advantage to doing this as opposed to the mammalian process of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea?
The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.
a. A person ingests an ion-channel inhibitor, such that the ion channels present in the Loop of Henle are only able to pump at half their normal rate? b. What would this person notice about changes to their physiological filtration? (Answer a and b)
We noted that a typical young, healthy human filters about 180 L of fluid per day through all of the glomeruli of the kidneys. Each of our two kidneys contains approximately one million glomeruli. If we ignore the solutes in the filtrate and assume that Radana's kidneys filter 145 L of water per day, how many water molecules filter through each individual glomerulus in her kidneys per day?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide helps to reduce overall blood pressure in a variety of ways. One way is by increasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. a. Why/how would increasing GFR cause decreased blood pressure? b. To increase GFR, would Atrial Natriuretic Peptide cause constriction or dilation of afferent arterioles at the kidneys? The efferent arterioles?
Explain how the cycling of sodium chloride between the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in the mammalian kidney, and special permeability of these tubules, produces high osmotic concentrations in interstitial fluids in the kidney medulla. Explain the role of urea in producing high osmotic concentrations in the intersti-tial fluid of the medulla.
A pt was born with a rare genetic disorder in which the proximal tubules of her nephrons express half the number of aquaporins as normal. What will result? A. reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical? b. reduced reabsorption of water, Na+ and glucose in the proximal tubules? c. Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions? D. Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules.
The kidneys of different species of amniotes differ widely in their ability to concentrate the urine. What determines the maximum osmolarity of the urine an animal's kidney can produce? Explain why. (not to long)
To keep the proper concentrations of water and solutes in their blood, freshwater bony fish must drinka. lots of water and excrete large volumes of urine that are hypotonic to body fluids.b. no water and excrete large volumes of urine that are hypotonic to body fluids.c. lots of water and excrete large volumes of urine that are isotonic to body fluids.d. no water and excrete large volumes of urine that are isotonic to body fluids.
State the implication of a high value of NPN in blood and urine. What does the amount of urea, ammonia, and creatinine in the urine tell us about renal function? Which food substances can lead to an increased value of NPN in the blood?

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