Explain how the cycling of sodium chloride between the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in the mammalian kidney, and special permeability of these tubules, produces high osmotic concentrations in interstitial fluids in the kidney medulla. Explain the role of urea in producing high osmotic concentrations in the intersti-tial fluid of the medulla.

Q: Explain the process of thermoregulation in the following: Elephants:   Emperor Penguins

A: Thermoregulation is the process of maintenance of the internal temperature. Thermoregulation helps…

Q: Briefly explain how cAMP increase permeability to water in the epthelial cell of renal tubules?

A: The cAMP is a second messenger. They are intracellular signalling molecules that are released by the…

Q: How does the metabolism of glutamine by the tubular cells contribute new HCO3 2 to the blood and…

A: The kidneys will generate (produce) new HC03- through (a) urinary excretion of ammonia (NH4+) salts…

Q: Define nitrogenous wastes, and list the main types produced in animals.What are some advantages and…

A: The metabolic waste containing excess nitrogen is eliminated out from the body of an organism is…

Q: Explain in your own words when Renin release is stimulated by the kidney

A: Renin It is an enzyme which plays a major role in the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) .…

Q: Describe structure of the nephron. How is the mammalian nephron capable of creating concentrated…

A: Answer of the question given below...

Q: The following are involved in the regulation of mammalian kidney function except: A. ADH B.…

A: Mammalian Kidney is a pair of organ present in the abdomen characterised by their bean-shape and 4-5…

Q: The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by…

A: Introduction Human body contain a pair of kidney which act as excretory organ in our body. Each…

Q: Which of the following is an effect of ADH interaction with the vasopressin receptor? Answers A - D…

A: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin is responsible for water reabsorption from the…

Q: To keep the proper concentrations of water and solutes in their blood, freshwater bony fish must…

A: The process of maintaining water and ion balance in the body is known as osmoregulation. Kidneys…

Q: You are studying renal function in different species of mammals that are found in very different…

A: Environment affects the organism’s body function. In the desert, there is a shortage of water and…

Q: Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammalian kidney tubule(nephron) and its blood supply.

A: Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney. The filtration of blood occurs…

Q: The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by…

A: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is used to determine how well the kidneys perform within the body,…

Q: The immediate effect of ADH on the renal tubules of frogs and mice is the same, yet when ADH is…

A: Excretion is the phenomenon in which metabolic wastes are released from the organism. Vertebrate…

Q: b. Would human urine be less or more concentrated if we block Aquaporin molecules in the descending…

A: The most prevalent molecule in every cell is water. Aquaporins, specialised membrane channel…

Q: We noted that a typical young, healthy human filters about 180 L of fluid per day through all of the…

A: A typical young, healthy human filters about 180 L of fluid per day through all of the glomeruli of…

Q: The Na+-glucose transporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 are located at different levels of the kidney proximal…

A: Introduction :- Kidney is the main organ of excretion and osmoregulation in vertebrates through…

Q: Topic:Excretion in animals Distinguish isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution from one another…

A: Answer ::   Isotonic solution :- Both the solutions, in and out of the cell have same water and…

Q: Explain how insects are capable of secreting concentrated urine without depending on high blood…

A: The insect excretory system is different from the terrestrial animals. Insects have Malpighian…

Q: In a short essay (100–150 words), compare how membrane structures in the loop of Henle and…

A: The excretory framework is a uninvolved natural framework that eliminates abundance, pointless…

Q: the process that initiates urine formation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of fluid…

A: Pair of kidneys are  the vital organ that help in excretion of harmful waste products from the body…

Q: Comparative analysis of excretion/osmoregulation in selected animals Animal Main Excretory/ Osmo-…

A: Excretion/osmoregulation is a biological system that removes excess electrolytes, toxins, metabolic…

Q: a) Describe in your own words the formation of urine in the body. b) Explain the pathway that urine…

A: Production of urine in the body takes place in three steps 1) glomerular filtration 2) tubular…

Q: a. A person ingests an ion-channel inhibitor, such that the ion channels present in the Loop of…

A: Kidneys are bean shaped organs that are located in the upper abdominal area of the human body.…

Q: Topic: Excretion in animals What are the different types or modes of excretion based on the type of…

A: Introduction :- The process of excretion is the removal of wastes and excess water from the body. It…

Q: how cAMP increase permeability to water in the epthelial cell of renal tubules? explain

A: The pair of kidneys are bean shaped red organs that are placed on abdominal region.  They play a key…

Q: Young downstream salmon migrants moving from their freshwater natal streams into the sea leave an…

A: A process that maintains the constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism is referred to…

Q: Describe the underlying osmoregulation issues that aquatic and terrestrial animals confront, as well…

A: Osmoregulation is defined as the maintenance of water and salt concentration within the body.…

Q: perosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the…

A: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute, is…

Q: [ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY] Na* ions are actively transported out of the tubules to help set up the…

A: The gradient of increasing osmolarity produced by the activity of the loop of henle, in the renal…

Q: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced in the pituitary gland and regulates the body's fluid volume…

A: Pituitary gland is well known as the master gland that regulate the activity of most of other…

Q: Concentrating urine in the mammalian kidney is made possible by...,. o o o o Passive transport of…

A: Osmosis can be defined as a process in which movement of solvent takes place from region of their…

Q: Regarding osmoregulation, what physiological and behavioral changes would occur as a fish migrates…

A: Osmoregulation basically refers to the regulation/managment of the osmotic pressure in order to…

Q: anisms, when confronted with a changing external osmotic environment, allow the internal (but…

A: Osmosis The ability of the fluid, usually water required to pass through the  semipermeable membrane…

Q: One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart…

A: One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart…

Q: The kidneys of different species of amniotes differ widely in their ability to concentrate the…

A: It is the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution,  which may be quantitatively…

Q: Why do mammals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea rather than ammonia or uric acid?

A: Nitrogenous squanders in the body will in general shape poisonous smelling salts, which should be…

Q: Explain how antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) controls excretion of water in mammalian kidneys.

A: Vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, is generally secreted by the pituitary gland. It acts on the…

Q: In a canine expt, a dog’s filtered load of sodium (Na+) in an isolated pump-perfused kidney is found…

A: A normal man's kidneys filter roughly 24,000 meq sodium per day, reabsorb about 23,900, and can vary…

Q: Compare the osmotic problem and the mechanism of osmotic regula-tion in freshwater and marine bony…

A: Osmoregulation is the cycle of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across…

Q: Relate the function of contractile vacuoles to the following experi-mental observations: to expel an…

A: Unicellular eukaryotes are single-celled microorganisms having a nucleus, Golgi apparatus,…

Q: Compared to those of birds and lizards, the kidneys of mammals ______. can produce urine with a…

A: Ammonotelic: - Release ammonia outside the body - Animal with aquatic habitat - e.g., Fish,…

Q: Describe what happens during the following stages in urine forma-tion in the mammalian nephron:…

A: The urinary system in mammals is composed of paired kidneys and ureters, a urinary bladder, and a…

Q: Hydrogen ions (free protons) are a constant threat to the survival of our cells and therefore our…

A: Blood pH should be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. The pH below 7.35 indicates that the blood is…