If an individual failed to develop a thymus because of a genetic defect, what would happen to the immune responses mediated by antibodies and those mediated by cytotoxic T cells? Hint: Think how helper T cells and B cells are functionally related,

Q: Which type of T-cell activates a dendritic cell to greater killing power in the presence of an…

A: A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a…

Q: Under what circumstances is having a fever beneficial? Under what circumstances is having a fever…

A: FEVER It is the condition of an increased body temperature which is not a disease but a symptom.  B…

Q: Describe the cooperative interactions between antigen-presentingcells, T cells, and B cells.

A: When a positive change done for one component increases the collectively benefits of a group of…

Q: Describe the function of B Cells in Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response.

A: Immunity is defined as a complex biological mechanism that can recognize and accept what belongs to…

Q: What kinds of symptoms accompany B-cell defects, T-cell defects, and combined defects?

A: “Primary immunodeficiency” diseases are the results of genetic or hereditary defects. Some examples…

Q: Distinguish between a primary and a secondary immune response.

A: Adaptive immunity is also referred to as acquired immunity. It is characterized as the dual system…

Q: contrast cytotoxic T cells and NK cells

A: Natural killer cells (NKC) and cytotoxic T cells are two different lineages of immune cells that…

Q: Describe the requirements for activation of helper T cells by macrophages. Explain how helper T…

A: T cells or T lymphocytes play a significant role in cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The cytotoxic T…

Q: In the absence of thymus, where does the maturation of t cells occur ?

A: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are two important immune cells that take part in acquired immunity…

Q: Diagram the sequence of events in an antibody-mediated response, including the role of helper T…

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Explain functions of B, cytotoxic T, and helper T cells in immune responses?

A: An immune reaction may be a reaction that occurs at intervals in an organism for the aim of…

Q: What are the protective outcomes of antibodies binding to antigen?

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: Explain the contrasting properties of B Cells and T Cells.

A: There are three types of blood cells present in the human body. The White blood cells consist of…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity

A: IgM is one of the class of antibodies and consists of five four chain structures. It is the largest…

Q: When encountering antigen, describe the mechanism of antigen presentation by B cells.

A: Antigen presenting cell or APC is any cell that can process and present a part of antigen in…

Q: Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonal collection of antibodies.

A: Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized by injecting an immunogen into an animal (mouse) and the…

Q: Describe three ways in which B cells and T cells are similar and atleast five major ways in which…

A: Lymphocytes belong to the category of white blood cells and serve the function of immunity.  As its…

Q: Describe the role of the thymus in cell-mediated immunity, and identify the different types of T…

A: Thymus gland is located in the thoracic cavity in between the sternum and trachea, superior to the…

Q: Describe the role of macrophages in activating the specific immune response to antigens.

A: Macrophages can be defined as the type of special cells which is part of the innate immune system.…

Q: Define the key components that make up the innate immune system (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils,…

A: A key component of the innate immune system- Macrophage- Derived from blood monocyte and are…

Q: Identify the different T lymphocytes and their functions.

A: T-lymphocytes arises in the bone marrow, and migrate  to the thymus gland to mature. During its…

Q: Describe the processing and presentation of an intracellular antigen.

A: Antigen processing and presentation is an immunological process through which the antigen-presenting…

Q: Describe the relationship between T cell activation and Antigen Presenting Cell.

A: A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a…

Q: Describe how T cells are stimulated by antigens and compare to how B cells are activated

A: Antigens: Antigens are defined as the foreign infectious or harmful proteinaceous or any other…

Q: Distinguish between antibody-mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity. What components are…

A: Antibody mediated response is a humoral immunity and is a component of adaptive immunity where…

Q: Distinguish between humoral immune response and cell- mediated immune response.

A: DEFINITION  Humoral Immunity Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies. It displays a fast response…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity.

A: Natural immunoglobulin M is a pentameric, polyreactive antibody produced by the b1 B cells. This…

Q: Explain why are B cells known as Antigen Presenting cells and what happens after antigen…

A: As B cell has MHC class II so that it can present antigen.  B celk has IgM or IgD antibody that…

Q: Describe the types and functions of T cells

A: Immunity is dependent on the types of cells produced by the immune system of the body. There are a…

Q: An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor?

A:

Q: Describe in detail information what an Passive immunity is?

A: Immunity  Immunity of an organism protect him/her from various types of disease causing biological…

Q: Explain the actions of antibodies in protective immune reactions.

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

A: The immune system is a complex system of proteins and cells that defends the body against infection.…

Q: Explain how T cells are activated

A: The immune system has a vital role in protecting the body from outside pathogens (bacteria, viruses,…

Q: Explain a function for each of the types of T cells (TH, Tc, TR).

A: T cell, additionally called T lymphocyte, sort of leukocyte (white platelet) that is a basic piece…

Q: List the types of leukocytes of the immune system, and describe where they may be found.

A: Introduction  The human body is consisting of around 37 trillion cells in total however a large…

Q: Connect the mononuclear phagocyte system to innate immunity.

A: Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system,…

Q: Describe how antibody-mediated immunity fights against pathogens.

A: The antibody- mediated immunity is a humoral immunity. As it relies on the action of the circulating…

Q: Define cytotoxic T cell

A: Two types of lymphocytes are known. These are B cells and T cells. These are involved in adaptive…