Implement Algorithm (highest label preflow push algorithm). Let N = (G,c,s,t) be a flow network, where G is a symmetric digraph given by incidence lists Av. Moreover, let Q be a priority queue with priority function d, and rel a Boolean variable.

Run a programme to calculate the average length of the paths identified and the empirical likelihood that BreadthFirstPaths will identify a path between two randomly picked vertices for various graph models.

Consider a graph with five nodes labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Let's say we have the following edges with their weights: A to B with weight 3 A to C with weight 1 B to C with weight 2 B to D with weight 1 C to E with weight 4 D to E with weight 2 a. Find the shortest path from A to E using Dijkstra's algorithm. (Draw the finished shortest path) b. Use Prim to find the MST (Draw the finished MST) c. Use Kruskal to find the MST (Draw the finished MST) d. What's the difference between Prim and Kruskal algorithms? Do they always have the same result? Why or why not.

Consider eight points on the Cartesian two-dimensional x-y plane. a g C For each pair of vertices u and v, the weight of edge uv is the Euclidean (Pythagorean) distance between those two points. For example, dist(a, h) : V4? + 1? = /17 and dist(a, b) = v2? + 0² = 2. Because many pairs of points have identical distances (e.g. dist(h, c) V5), the above diagram has more than one minimum-weight spanning tree. dist(h, b) = dist(h, f) Determine the total number of minimum-weight spanning trees that exist in the above diagram. Clearly justify your answer.

Consider a graph with five nodes labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Let's say we have the following edges with their weights: A to B with weight 3 A to C with weight 1 B to C with weight 3 B to D with weight 1 C to E with weight 4 D to E with weight 2 a. Find the shortest path from A to E using Dijkstra's algorithm   (Would anything change if B to C weight was changed from 3 to 4? To 1? What about 5?)

Write a program RandomSparseGraph to generate random sparse graphs for a well-chosen set of values of V and E such that you can use it torun meaningful empirical tests on graphs drawn from the Erdös-Renyi model

Consider a graph with five nodes labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Let's say we have the following edges with their weights: A to B with weight 3 A to C with weight 1 B to C with weight 2 B to D with weight 1 C to E with weight 4 D to E with weight 2 a. Find the shortest path from A to E using Dijkstra's algorithm b. Use Prim to find the MST c. Use Kruskal to find the MST d. What's the difference between Prim and Kruskal algorithms? Do they always have the same result? Why or why not.

You are organizing a programming competition, where contestants implement Dijkstra's algorithm. Given adirected graph G = (V, E) with integer-weight edges and a starting vertex s ∈ V , their programs are supposedto output triplets (v, v.d, v.π) for each vertex v ∈ V . Design an O(V +E) time algorithm that takes as inputthe original graph G in both adjacency matrix (G.M) and adjacency list (G.Adj) representations, startingvertex s, and the output of a contestant's program (given as an array A of triplets), and returns whetherA is the correct output for G. Write down the pseudocode for your algorithm, explain why it correctlyveries the output, and analyze your algorithm's running time. You may assume that all edge weights of the input graph provided to the contestantsare nonnegative and A (the output of their programs) is in the valid format, i.e., you don't need to verifythat A is actually an array of triplets, with v and v.π being valid vertices and v.d being an integer.Can you…

Exercise 12.9 Given a weighted (connected) undirected graph G = (V, E, w), with m =n+ 0(1) edges (i.e., the number of edges is at most the number of vertices plus some constant), give an O(n)-time algorithm to compute the minimum spanning tree of G. Prove the correctness and the running time of your algorithm. (Hint: Think of how one can eliminate an edge from being in the MST.)

Write a boolean function, called universalSink, to determine weather a directed graph has a universal sink. A universal sink is a vertex which has no outgoing edges, and all other vertices have an incoming edge to the sink vertex. Hint: it has to be a C++ function just the function, not the program.