In the liver, what is the major regulation that dictates fate of pyruvate vs lactate? (This can tie into reading assignment!) Activation of MCT1 to transport lactate out of cell O Activation of pyruvate carboxylase and conc dictating use of lactate dehydrogenase, inhibition of PDHC O Activation of lactate dehydrogen, inactivation of pyruvate carboxylasease and PDHC Activation of lactate dehydrogenase and MCT1 (transporter)
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- Radiolabeling with 14C-Glutamate Describe the labeling pattern that would result from the introduction into the TCA cycle of glutamate labeled at Cy with 14C.E1 and E2 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is coupled via: (d) Transfer of an acetyl group from TPP to lipoamide a and c b and d (a) Reductive decarboxylation of pyruvate coupled to oxidation of acetylation of lipoamide (c) Transfer of an acetyl group from lipoamide to TPP (b) Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate coupled to reduction of acetylation of lipoamideIf all of the pentose phosphate pathway is functioning (both oxidative and non-oxidative portions), 6 glucose 6-phosphates are used, how many glucose 6-phosphates can be regenerated for use in the liver?
- Concerning the reciprocal regulation of phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the liver, which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply A.The default activity of the cell favors activity of phosphofructokinase-2 being activated, generating fructose-2,6-bisphosphate that serves as a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase B.Glucagon binding ensures that the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate drop within the liver cell C.In the presence of ATP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, phosphofructokinase will be fully inhibited and glycolysis turned off D.High levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate signals for activation of gluconeogenesis and inhibition of glycolysis E.Glucagon binding to the liver cell activates a phosphorylation cascade that inhibits activity of phosphofructokinase-2 and activates fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase F.Glucagon binding activates glycolysis as it signals high blood sugar levelsTo begin the TCA cycle, pyruvate must be converted into acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme complex of pyruvate dehydrogenase. This complex requires 5 different coenzymes to function properly. What are they?Give answer of 1,2,3, MCQ's 1. Which of the following statements about delto-ALA (amino amino ievulinate Synthases are FALSE? A It catalyzes the rate limiting step in the pathway of heme synthesis B. It is allosterically activated by heme C. It synthesizes delta-ALA from glycine and acetyl-CoA D. It has a decreased activity in case of vitamin 87 deficiency E. Heme influences the concentration of delta-ALA synthase in the red blood cell precursor. 2. Select the correct statements about heme degradation: A. It involves the removal of Fe2+ from heme molecule with the generation of protoporphyrin B. During heme degradation, the protoporphyrin ring is opened and CO is released C Bilirubin is conjugated with UDP glucuronic in the spleen D. The conjugated bilirubin is transported in plasma by albumin E. The stercobilin that arises by the oxidation of urobilinogen confers the characteristic color of the feces 3. Which of the following represent possible consequences of an intense hemolysis…
- In response low density lipoprotein (LDL), cells elevate the activity of ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. TRUE or FALSE?For each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________Consider the docosanoic acid, C21H43CO2H a. Label the a and B carbons b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of B-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid?
- Discuss the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Explain the reciprocal control of fatty acid synthesis and degradation and the various means by which this control is achievedPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, figure below)catalyzes first committed (rate-limiting) step in hepatic gluconeogenesis, namely the reversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and carbon dioxide. This reaction can occur using either ATP or GTP as a source of the phosphate.Which following mutation can potentially improve the binding affinity of the substrate for this enzyme? a. LYS254ARG b. LYS254ASP c. ARG333GLU d. THR255GLYDiscuss how the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase regulate fatty acid metabolism. Explain the reciprocal regulation of fatty acid production and breakdown, as well as the numerous mechanisms that are used to accomplish this control.