Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins.  Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by: Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production Stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion by phagocytes

Q: Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process coats the pathogen exterior…

A: The system that acts as a barrier and protects us against the disease-causing organisms or pathogens…

Q: Which of the following is a FALSE statement about innate immunity? Natural killer cells are…

A: Answer:  2nd option: It must be primed by presence of a specific antigen.

Q: -Which of the following best characterizes the mode of pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent…

A: The immune system is a complex network of biological structures (cell) and protein that defends the…

Q: Which of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20…

A: The complement system is otherwise known as complement cascade and is associated with the immune…

Q: Pathogens produce several types of proteins that can inhibit complement activation. The importance…

A: Complement activation is one of the most important ways of innate immune system, to get rid of…

Q: B) Complement system activation and elimination of a bacterial pathogen "Map the activation of the…

A: The complement system is a part of the body's defence system that enhances the ability of antibodies…

Q: Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Group of answer choices -Natural killer cells are…

A: In both human and mice NK cells are known for directly inducing the death of tumor cells. They act…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: Phagocytes are drawn to the area of cell damage by histamine by a process called

A: Phagocytes are categorised as white blood cells. They are responsible for engulfing cellular debris,…

Q: Which of the following is specific to the immediate events of innate immune system inflammation?…

A: Innate immunity is the immune response that  consist of all defence elements with which an…

Q: he alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin…

A: The alternative pathway is one of three complement pathways that opsonize and kill pathogens. This…

Q: Specific immunity can be characterize by two special attributes. These are: Specificity and Memory…

A: Introduction  Immunity refers to an organism's capacity to resist against harmful microbes. Both…

Q: Which of the following statements are TRUE about the process of inflammation? (Select all that…

A: Inflammation refers to the  body's process of fighting against infections, injuries, and toxins, in…

Q: The receptors (TLRS and NLRS) phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectively called

A: Pattern recognition receptor: - The first source of defense against any pathogen is "Innate immune"…

Q: Describe the role of complement in innate immunity

A: Any abnormal condition that hinders normal body functioning is considered a disease. Pathogen attack…

Q: rue/False: Several pathogens produce proteins, either membrane-bound or secreted, that inactivate…

A: The organisms that cause the disease to any human is known as the pathogen. The organism a…

Q: Which of the following cytokines is the primary growth factor from T cells? Multiple Choice…

A: Cytokines are a general group of flagging proteins that are delivered fleetingly, after cell…

Q: Multiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by…

A: The complement pathway is a complicated process that aids in the eradication or suppression of…

Q: Complement activation: (a) stimulates inflammation. (b) attracts phagocytes.(c) enhances…

A: The complement system is a collection of more than 20 proteins found in the blood and tissue fluids…

Q: Each is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT     interference with viral replication.…

A: The complement system is a course of serine proteases that is encoded by genes starting from similar…

Q: A certain cell type has existed in the lymphatic system of its vertebrate host's immune system for…

A: The immune system is one of the highly evolved systems of higher animals and plants which aims to…

Q: Many of the inflammatory mediators produced by tissue macrophages at sites of infection act on the…

A: Inflammation is a defensive mechanism used by the host against injuries and infections. The…

Q: Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not alwayseffective at removing pathogens from the body

A: Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and…

Q: The primary role of complement control proteins that operate in the early stages of complement…

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: The C1 complement protein is activated when it binds to the Fc region of an antigen-bound antibody.…

A: The C-1 complement activation occurs on direct binding with the antigen and the classical complement…

Q: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three…

A: The complementary system occurs in the cascade of reactions which is a part of the immune system. It…

Q: B cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg.…

A: INTRODUCTION The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…

A: The immune system uses antibodies, often referred to as immunoglobulins, to recognize and destroy…

Q: The circulating cytokines that recruit large numbers of phagocytes to the area of inflammation,…

A: Phagocytes are cells that are capable of engulfing foreign antigens such as microbes, toxins, and…

Q: When surface barriers protecting the body are breached, the second line of defense (of the innate…

A: Inflammation is a normal physiological response of the body to damage caused to tissue. Infection…

Q: Describe the initiation and activation of classical complement pathway.

A: Compliments are a group of thermo labile  enzymetic proteins found in the serum and body fluid and…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.  Which of the following examples below…

A: An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system erroneously attacks your body. The…

Q: Each sentence below describes a step of inflammation. Indicate the order in which these steps occur…

A: Inflammation could be a defense mechanism utilized by your body's white blood cells and also the…

Q: An antibody binding to an antigen within the body can have which of the following outcomes that…

A: The term 'Antibody' defines certain proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and act against…

Q: phagocytic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns using their:  Group of answer…

A: Pattern recognition receptors(PRR) These are class of transmembrane toll like receptors(TLRs) found…

Q: Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the…

A: Opsonization refers to the process of recognition and targeting of foreign pathogens for their…

Q: Match the term with its description. interferon response apoptosis extravasation respiratory burst…

A: Immunity is the term used to describe the body's built-in defenses against illnesses and infections.…

Q: Cytokines are released by phagocytes to initiate inflammation and ____________.     attract more of…

A: When any thing is present on the surface of the cell and binds to it it results in engulfing it and…

Q: What is the only known effect of deficiencies in complement components C5–C9? Explain this effect.

A: Introduction: The innate humoral immune system relies heavily on the complement system. The…

Q: Although the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen,…

A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause harm…

Q: The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent.  In…

A: The immune system of a human being is concerned with the immune response towards the foreign…

Q: Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process  Group of answer choices…

A: Opsonization can be defined as a molecular mechanism that aims to identify invading particles with…

Q: What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation…

A: The first-line of defense mechanism is known as innate immunity, and the immune cell-mediated…

Q: Which of the following is the end product of the complement system?a. properdin b. cascade reaction…

A: The complement system helps antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens, it consists of a…

Q: The dead outer surface of skin (not mucous membranes) uses which of the following innate defenses to…

A: Skin Barrier One of the most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of 3…

Q: Cellular or molecular components that DO function in BOTH in Humoral immunity, AND in Cell-Mediated…

A: Humoral Immunity: Humoral immunity is a type of adaptive immunity characterised by B cells producing…

Q: What type of defense is occurring when mucin flows off the epithelium and carries pathogens with it?…

A: The immune system in our body is responsible for protecting us. The entire immune system is divided…

Q: Any aspect of the immune system can be deficient.  Which of the following deficiencies would…

A: Introduction Immunity: it is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done…

Q: Discuss the differences between humoral and cell mediated immunity in terms of chemicals and cells…

A:

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.