It has been hypothesized that vitamin D is associated with androgen levels in men. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation increases serum total testosterone (TT) levels in men with low TT levels at baseline. Methods: The Graz Vitamin D&TT-RCT is a single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted between March 2013 and November 2017 at the endocrine outpatient clinic at the Medical University of Graz, Austria. One-hundred healthy men with serum TT levels < 10.4 nmol/l and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels < 75 nmol/l participated in the trial. Subjects were randomized to receive 20,000 IU of vitamin D3/week (n = 50) or placebo (n = 50) for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was TT measured using mass spectrometry. Secondary outcomes were free testosterone, free androgen index, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, metabolic characteristics, and body composition. Results: Ninety-four men [mean age and 25(OH)D: 47 (+12) years and 56.3 (± 18.3) nmol/l, respectively] completed the study. We found no significant treatment effect on serum TT or on the remaining secondary outcome variables. Conclusion: Vitamin D treatment had no effect on serum TT levels in middle-aged healthy men with low TT levels.
It has been hypothesized that vitamin D is associated with androgen levels in men. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation increases serum total testosterone (TT) levels in men with low TT levels at baseline. Methods: The Graz Vitamin D&TT-RCT is a single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted between March 2013 and November 2017 at the endocrine outpatient clinic at the Medical University of Graz, Austria. One-hundred healthy men with serum TT levels < 10.4 nmol/l and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels < 75 nmol/l participated in the trial. Subjects were randomized to receive 20,000 IU of vitamin D3/week (n = 50) or placebo (n = 50) for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was TT measured using mass spectrometry. Secondary outcomes were free testosterone, free androgen index, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, metabolic characteristics, and body composition. Results: Ninety-four men [mean age and 25(OH)D: 47 (+12) years and 56.3 (± 18.3) nmol/l, respectively] completed the study. We found no significant treatment effect on serum TT or on the remaining secondary outcome variables. Conclusion: Vitamin D treatment had no effect on serum TT levels in middle-aged healthy men with low TT levels.
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![Problem 1:
It has been hypothesized that vitamin D is associated with androgen levels in men. We,
therefore, aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation increases serum total
testosterone (TT) levels in men with low TT levels at baseline. Methods: The Graz Vitamin
D&TT-RCT is a single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted
between March 2013 and November 2017 at the endocrine outpatient clinic at the Medical
University of Graz, Austria. One-hundred healthy men with serum TT levels < 10.4 nmol/l and
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels < 75 nmol/l participated in the trial. Subjects were
randomized to receive 20,000 IU of vitamin D3/week (n = 50) or placebo (n = 50) for 12 weeks.
Primary outcome was TT measured using mass spectrometry. Secondary outcomes were free
testosterone, free androgen index, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, metabolic characteristics, and body composition. Results:
Ninety-four men [mean age and 25(OH)D: 47 (± 12) years and 56.3 (± 18.3) nmol/l, respectively]
completed the study. We found no significant treatment effect on serum TT or on the remaining
secondary outcome variables. Conclusion: Vitamin D treatment had no effect on serum TT
levels in middle-aged healthy men with low TT levels.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable
List a maximum of 3:
A. Nominal variable:
B. Ordinal:
C. Interval:
D. Ratio:
Identify whether the texts in red are discrete or continuous variables:](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6a8900fd-0d4c-41c4-8426-a0592406bab4%2F09876d4c-2a36-464a-a78d-c62d6ca9fc92%2Fz63hoke_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Problem 1:
It has been hypothesized that vitamin D is associated with androgen levels in men. We,
therefore, aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation increases serum total
testosterone (TT) levels in men with low TT levels at baseline. Methods: The Graz Vitamin
D&TT-RCT is a single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted
between March 2013 and November 2017 at the endocrine outpatient clinic at the Medical
University of Graz, Austria. One-hundred healthy men with serum TT levels < 10.4 nmol/l and
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels < 75 nmol/l participated in the trial. Subjects were
randomized to receive 20,000 IU of vitamin D3/week (n = 50) or placebo (n = 50) for 12 weeks.
Primary outcome was TT measured using mass spectrometry. Secondary outcomes were free
testosterone, free androgen index, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, metabolic characteristics, and body composition. Results:
Ninety-four men [mean age and 25(OH)D: 47 (± 12) years and 56.3 (± 18.3) nmol/l, respectively]
completed the study. We found no significant treatment effect on serum TT or on the remaining
secondary outcome variables. Conclusion: Vitamin D treatment had no effect on serum TT
levels in middle-aged healthy men with low TT levels.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable
List a maximum of 3:
A. Nominal variable:
B. Ordinal:
C. Interval:
D. Ratio:
Identify whether the texts in red are discrete or continuous variables:
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