Liver metabolism of fructose uses the same glycolytic enzymes to generate distinct products O Involves hexokinase and aldolase enzymes distinct from those used in glycolysis O involves phosphorylation of fructose twice to make Fr1,6bP which enters glycolysis consumes less ATP in the "investment phase" that produces DHAP and G3P
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- Understanding the Oxidation of Glucose and Its Products in the TCA Cycle Glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, and the TCA cycle result in complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose to CO2. Review the calculation of oxidation numbers for individual atoms in any molecule, and then calculate the oxidation numbers of the carbons of glucose, pyruvate, the acetyl carbons of acetyl-CoA. and the metabolites of the TCA cycle to convince yourself that complete oxidation of glucose involves removal of 24 electrons and that each acetyl-CoA through the TCA cycle gives up 8 electrons.Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?Thioester play an important role in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Which reactions in glycolysis and tca cycle involve thioesters.
- a) Metabolic process in which hexose metabolism occurs? Amount of steps? Since this metabolic process (hexose -> 2 pyruvate) is exergonic. b) But, looking at the individual reactions that makeup this process, they are a combination of exergonic and endergonic reactions. (true or false). If false, explain why. If true explain the contribution of endergonic reactions to the overall exergonic process.The term "glucose" refers to hexoses and their sources in general. As much as one third of the glucose respired by plants does not enter glycolysis directly. Rather, the glucose goes through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (phosphogluconate shunt) first. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sending glucose through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?(a) Hexokinase (HK), phoshofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase are three regulatory enzymes that regulate metabolic reaction in glycolysis. Elaborate how equilibrium conditions would be controlled by these enzymes. PLEASE FAST AND RIGHT CLEER.
- Long explanations are not needed. True or Falsea. One NADH is produced for every pyruvate molecule undergoing oxidation using the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex b. Erythrose-4-phosphate can be synthesized using the pentose phosphate pathway.The number of CO2 molecules liberated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA during oxidative decarboxylation reactions in TCA cycle. The number of steps in gluconeogenesis that are the reverse of glycolytic reactions.The first reaction in glycolysis that results in the formation of an energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose hydrolysis or oxidation has a highly negative ΔG'°) is catalyzed by: a. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. b. hexokinase. c. phosphofructokinase-1. d. phosphoglycerate kinase. e. triose phosphate isomerase.
- This is the ATP accounting question. You are limited to the carbon in the following molecules: One xylulose 5-phosphate, One glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, One sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, 1 Oxaloacetate, and 3 carbon dioxide A) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules? B) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, Calvin- Benson-Bassham cycle, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules (in this instance only, you also are given 3 ATP and note that you do NOT need to regenerate substrates for rubisco once you get through this enzyme).Elevated liver NADH levels favors gluconeogenesis. Explain this statement? It is mentioned that a high-sucrose diet can cause non-alcoholic FLD. Explain. Show how pentanoic acid (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH) is catabolized by β-oxidation and clearly indicate where the products gATP Accounting Upon digestion of strach, isomaltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolized into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 43 molecules of isomaltose considering the glycerol - phosphate shuttle. a. total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis b. total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis c. total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex d. total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction e. total number of acetyl CoA molecules entering citric acid cycle f. total number of net cytosolic ATP molecules produced right after glycolysis g. total number of all NADH molecules produced after complete oxidation h. total number of all FADH2 molecules procuced after complete oxidation i. total…