Outline Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis of retinoblastoma and describe how it helps to explain unilateral and bilateral cases of retinoblastoma.

Q: Define about the Mutation and sickle cell disease ?

A: The genome consists of 1 to many long molecules of DNA, and mutation will occur probably anyplace on…

Q: The Part II: Cellular senescence is observed when there is obstruction of the coronary circulation…

A: The heart is a significant organ that provisions blood to the entire body and the coronary artery…

Q: 2.2. Describe what are missense mutations and its effects on structure and function using…

A: Mutation is the basic cause of evolution. Mutation can be defined as any change in the chromosome or…

Q: the complication of Group B Strep in Babies?

A: Group B strep is the most common cause of serious infection in newborns . Group B strep is an…

Q: Describe the features that distinguish benign from malignant tumours, explaining the clinical…

A: Introduction :- When defective cells cluster together, a tumour arises. Bones, skin, tissue, organs,…

Q: Explain why cell injury due to genetic causes are alarmingly increasing each year.?

A: Cell injury is damage in the cell that occurs due to some external and internal…

Q: Explain the cause of Klinefelter​s syndrome. Give any four symptoms shown by sufferer of this…

A: Normally human have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sexual chromosomes. Trisomy is a condition…

Q: . List the other possible mechanisms of cell damage. Is it possible to restore the number of blood…

A: Radiation sickness Radiation sickness is a result of being exposed to a high dose of radiation in a…

Q: what would be the likely effect of a mutation that prevented the formation of memory cells?

A: Mutation is the sudden heritable changes that occur in the DNA sequences due to error while copying…

Q: Explain the term hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?

A: There are some proteins like growth factors which function as growth stimulators or growth…

Q: Define what is Tay-Sachs disease ?

A: The mode of inheritance is a pattern of obtaining parentral alleles  or genes to the offsprings. The…

Q: Explain the loss-of-function mutation ?

A: Mutation is a change in the sequence of genetic material naturally or by artificial factors. Such…

Q: Explain why metastasis can lead to multiplesecondary tumors in different sites.

A: When there is some mutation that occurs in the DNA of any cell that leads to abnormal and…

Q: Define a Point mutation and give an example. What is sickle cell anemia and what causes it. What…

A: Mutation refers to the phenomena in which the structure of a gene or DNA sequence changes, resulting…

Q: Explain the mechanism of Warburg effect and how it benefits cancer cells

A: Cancer is a disease when a few of the body's cells grow out of control and spread to other bodily…

Q: Explain What are tumour markers? What is the role of tumour markers in the management of tumours?

A: A chromosome marker is a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence with a known physical position.…

Q: AAG a. What is indicated by label (2) in the figure above? b. What is indicated by label (3) in the…

A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three subparts for…

Q: Explain why mutations can give rise to neoplasms

A: The genetic alteration results in the advantage in growth of the cell. The 3 genetic change…

Q: A A B ニV ニV 三 6. Use the photo above to answer the following questions: a. What are the larger round…

A: White blood cells are colourless, nucleated blood cells which lack hemoglobin and which participate…

Q: t is the Philadelphia chromosome? Briefly describe how it causes chronic myeloid leukemia.

A: A chromosome is a dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule that contains some or all of an organism's…

Q: What are potential treatment options for people that suffer from cystic fibrosis? Has this improved…

A: Disease denotes a condition in which the structure and function of an individual organism is…

Q: Whose removal contributes to the development of retinoblastoma?

A: Retinoblastoma is eye cancer. It develops in children at early age. In US it occurs on an average-…

Q: mich of the following is the opposite of hypertrophy? 1) anaplasia 2) apoptosis 3) atrophy 4)…

A: Hypertrophy is an increase in the cell size. The enlarged size of the cell components and thua the…

Q: Bobby and Billy are brothers. They were exposed to a hazardous chemical, and Bobby contracted…

A: Multiple causation is a concept that states that any health issue or health related process may have…

Q: Describe the features that distinguish benign from malignant tumours, explaining the clinical…

A: A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue.

Q: Give details of the precise cytogenetic or molecular abnormality of Huntington's Disease.

A: DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is defined as the double helix biological molecule where it play a major…

Q: What is Wilms tumor and what cellular components are involved?

A: A mass of tissue that develops abnormally when cells do not die on schedule or expand and divide…

Q: Describe two mutations that are associated with the development of leukaemia and how these two…

A: The type of cancer that will begin in the blood-forming tissue, generally in the bone marrow, is…

Q: Explain in as much detail as possible how to distinguish a leukemoid reaction from a leukemia.

A: Both leukemia and leukamoid reaction shows increase in WBC count but there are differences between…

Q: Explain the consequence of the following structures.

A: The given structure represents the phospholipid molecules in a lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are…

Q: identify two highly advertised potential medical errors and state

A: Potential error is a possible but not yet actual. Potential error means that can arise in future not…

Q: What is the most significant difference between prion diseases and other diseases caused by amyloid…

A: Prions disease and Alzeimer dieases are both a neurodegenerative disease and share many common…

Q: What is the significance of ASO? Is ASO specific to a disease? What are Todd Units?

A: ASO stands for Antistreptolysin O. It is a blood test which is used to detect antibodies against…

Q: How can the molecular analysis ofan individual tumor be more effectivelyused to design effective…

A: Tumor is a deadly disease wherein the cells of the body starts dividing uncontrollably and…

Q: How do the various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell myelomas differ based on malignant…

A: To differentiate Various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell myelomas differ based on…

Q: How do the various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell myelomas differ based on the type of…

A: An abnormal growth of cells that serves no purpose make tumor . There are mainly two types of tumor…

Q: Describe the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

A: Regular exercise and an adequate diet can help avoid a range of maladies, including cardiovascular…

Q: Using Hill’s criteria of causality show that smoking causes lung cancer

A: Bradford Hill Criteria, also called as Hill's criteria of causation or causality, is a set of nine…

Q: Explain about familial hypercholesterolemia ?

A: Introduction:' Cholesterol is the significant sterol present in the cell membrane of an animal cell.…

Q: (b) What is E-factor?

A: *E factor is also called as environmental factor. *An environmental factor or it is also called as…

Q: Can you explain color blindness and hemophilia?

A: Color blindness and hemophilia are X-linked inherited disorders. X-linked inheritance means the…