Phosphorylation is a common covalent modification of proteins in all forms of life, which leads to the question, What makes protein phosphorylation so valuable in regulating protein function that its use is ubiquitous?

Q: Many of the loops on proteins are composed of hydrophilic amino acids. Why might this be the case?

A: Protein is one of the important biomolecules. This protein is made up of sequence amino acids which…

Q: If a protein is created via the translation of 705 nucleotides, including a start and a stop codon,…

A: The translation is a process in which an mRNA is read and then a polypeptide, made up of different…

Q: Compare and contrast cotranslational import of polypeptides with posttranslational import of…

A: Import of polypeptides across the membrane bilayer refers to the translocation process. The…

Q: Both hsp60-like and hsp 70 molecular chaperones share an affinity for exposed hydrophobic patches on…

A: Answer: Molecular chaperones are defined as the proteins that aid or help in the folding or…

Q: Suppose that you are studying a protein involved in transporting ions in and out of cells. Would you…

A: Transport proteins are the type of membrane proteins that help in the transport of certain ions and…

Q: What is the importance of 'protein-folding chaperones'

A: When the DNA transcripts to an mRNA, the mRNA is translated to the protein molecule which is encoded…

Q: Pompe disease is a rare genetic condition resulting from a deficiency of the protein…

A: Pompe disease is a genetic disorder that involves the accumulation of glycogen inside the cells.…

Q: To better understand the effects of palmitoylation on protein X, researchers want to chemically…

A: Palmitoylation is an attachment which is covalent of Palmitic acid, which is a fatty acid to…

Q: Protein X is normally used to transport sugar into cells, so the cell can break down the sugar and…

A: Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional…

Q: How many ATP and GTP molecules would be hydrolyzed in the synthesis of a 125 amino acid protein?…

A: ATP and GTP provide signals to drive many cellular functions.

Q: Discuss the Pharmacokinetics of morphine sulfate using the correct sequence you  have chosen in…

A: Morphine is a drug that targets a specific type of receptor that affects multiple processes. It does…

Q: Saccharide X, a sugar composed of repeating cellobiose and maltose, is a constituent of two…

A: Glycoproteins are consisted of protein and glycan moiety which is involved in several biological…

Q: What amino acid residue of phosphoglucomutase is able to transfer the phosphoryl group to glucose…

A: The glycogen’s phosphorolytic cleavage produce the glucose-1- phosphate and to enter the metabolism…

Q: What do you mean by myristylated N-terminus?

A: N-myristoylation is the process in which myristic acid is attached to N-terminal glycine. It occurs…

Q: what is post-translational protein covalent modification? give three examples and name the enzyme…

A: Protein post-translational modifications (PMTs) increase the functional diversity of the proteome by…

Q: Do you expect a Pro → Gly mutation in a surface-loop region of a globularprotein to be stabilizing…

A: A mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or…

Q: How would a substitution mutation in the third nucleotide position of the codons for alanine and…

A: A substitution mutation occurs when the specific bases (A,T,C or G) in a gene are swapped for…

Q: Proper folding of proteins is essential for their biological activity. In general, the functional…

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. Based on the number of cells an organism may be unicellular…

Q: Why might it be advantageous to add a preassembled block of 14 sugar residues to a protein in the…

A: Biomolecules are organic macromolecules that play an important role in the proper functioning of the…

Q: The terminal inverted repeats of a DNA transposon or a retrotransposon bind an enzyme of what…

A: Transposons are mobile elements present in the genome of an organism. There are responsible for the…

Q: In the amino acid sequence below, the amino acid residue in red was shown to be essential to the…

A: Peptides or proteins are composed of twenty standard amino acids. These standard amino acids differ…

Q: Explain how phosphorylation and the binding of a nucleotide (such as aTp or GTp) can both be used to…

A: Protein biological activity is defined as the presence of different protein functions. The…

Q: A mutation that changes an alanine to a leucine in the nucleus of a protein leads to a less active…

A: Introduction: Each organism's DNA sequence is unique. Its base-pairs sequence can change from time…

Q: Suppose there is a ligand binding pocket in this alpha-helix that contains residues of Leu (2), Phe…

A: Globular protein contains van der waals interactions , disulphide bridges , diploar interactions(…

Q: The function of proteins can be regulated in a number of ways. What is cooperativity, and how does…

A: Proteins are massive biomolecules and macromolecules made up of one or more long chains of amino…

Q: A point mutation occurs in the middle of the coding sequence for agene. Which types of…

A: Mutation is the process of abrupt changes in the nucleotide sequence or gene in the DNA. Mutation…

Q: What steps in the elongation cycle of protein synthesis require GTP hydrolysis? What role does it…

A: The translation is a process where mRNA was translated into a polypeptide chain or protein, where…

Q: Why is selenocysteine called the 21st amino acid when there are many more amino acids found than the…

A: Introduction: The 21st proteinogenic amino acid is selenocysteine. It is an essential amino acid.…

Q: Some proteins induce cell death and some proteins inhibit it. What is the biological relevance of…

A: The cells of a multicellular creature are individuals from a profoundly coordinated network. The…

Q: As we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and function.…

A: One gene one enzyme hypothesis, proposed by Beadle and Tatum, says that each enzyme produces a…

Q: What is the significance (or function) of tRNA in protein synthesis? In other words, explain why…

A: transfer RNA or t RNA is a small RNA molecule that participates in the protein synthesis. each t RNA…

Q: The synthesis of a peptide is given by the mRNA sequence 5'GAAGAGAAACUUACU3', Find the primary…

A: The 'Central Dogma' is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional…

Q: Consider the image of the attached protein.  Now imagine you have a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves…

A: The mentioned proteolytic enzyme cleaves the peptide-bonds on the C-terminal sides of basic amino…

Q: Why does cholesterol play a critical role in cell recognition?

A: Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipids,…

Q: The link between gene and protein was first articulated by Beadle & Tatum, who proposed the…

A: Gene is a structural and functional unit of DNA which contains the genetic information needed for…

Q: When a protein denatures in a cell, it tends to assemble into aggregates. Propose an explanation for…

A: Proteins have distinct structures. If they are exposed to specific conditions, they may lose their…

Q: What might be the result of a mutation of DNA in which a triplet code such as UAC now says UAA in…

A: Mutation is the change in the DNA which may cause the change in the amino acid of the protein.…

Q: What kind of bond is created between successive amino acids in a protein? If there are more codon…

A: Proteins are made up of chemical 'building blocks' called amino acids. Nucleotide is the basic…

Q: Do you expect a Pro → Gly mutation in a surface-loop region of a globular protein to be stabilizing…

A: Mutation : It is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or…

Q: Do you expect a Pro → Gly mutation in a surface-loop region of a globular protein to be stabilizing…

A: A quantitative measure of the favorability of a given reaction at constant temperature and pressue…

Q: What structure deactivates the enzyme that catalyses the following reaction? de de do Per O The…

A: G protein-coupled receptors can be grouped into three main categories namely the Gq, the Gs, and the…

Q: What kinds of amino acids would you expect to find in the 7th transmembrane spanning segment…

A: Transmembrane proteins are membrane proteins that span the entire membrane. They can have single or…

Q: The term subunit can be used in a variety of ways. What is the difference between a protein subunit…

A: Protein is considered as the building block of the body and it is required for the development of…

Q: Why do allosteric enzymes have two types of binding sites?

A: Allosteric enzyme : It are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an…

Q: Tagging of a misfolded protein with the peptide called ubiquitin can result in its destruction by a…

A: Proteins are tagged for degradation with a small misfolded protein ( unneeded or damaged) called…

Q: The folding of intrinsically disordered proteins is prevented by the presence of Ser, Lys, and Glu…

A: The protein property depends on the amino acid property.

Q: A cell has a defective enzyme that attaches the alanine amino acid (Ala), instead of a valine amino…

A: The mRNA (messenger RNA) contain genetic code on that must be translated into polypeptide chain with…

Q: What do mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor that cause familial…

A: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disease that runs in families. It raises LDL (bad)…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.