A violation of the First Law? The complete combustion of glucose to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP, as shown in Table 18.4 . However, the synthesis of glucose requires only 18 ATP. How is it possible that glucose synthesis from CO 2 and H 2 O requires only 18 ATP , but combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP? Is it a violation of the First Law of Thermodynamics , or perhaps a miracle? TABLE 18.4 ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucoseReaction sequenceGlycolysis: Conversion of glucose into pyruvate (in the cytoplasm)Phosphorylation of glucosePhosphorylationDephosphorylationof fructose 6-phosphateof 2 molecules of 1,3-BPGDephosphorylation of 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate2 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidationof 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateConversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA (inside mitochondria)2 molecules of NADH are formedCitric acid cycle (inside mitochondria)2 molecules of adenosine triphosphate are formedfrom 2 molecules of succinyl CoA6 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidation of 2 moleculeseach of isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, and malate2 molecules of FADH, are formed in the oxidation of 2 moleculesof succinateOxidative phosphorylation (inside mitochondria)2 molecules of NADH formed in glycolysis; eachyields 1.5 molecules of ATP (assuming transport of NADH bythe glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle)2 molecules of NADH formed in the oxidative decarboxylationof pyruvate; each yields 2.5 molecules of ATP2 molecules of FADH, formed in the citric acid cycle; eachyields 1.5 molecules of ATP6 molecules of NADH formed in the citric acid cycle; eachyields 2.5 molecules of ATPATP yield perglucose moleculeTT++-1+2+2+2+3+5+3+15Net Yield per Molecule of Glucose+30Information on the ATP yield of oxidative phosphorylation is from values given in P. C. Hinkle, M. A.Kumar, A. Resetar, and D. L. Harris, Biochemistry 30:3576, 1991.Note: The current value of 30 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose supersedes the earlier value of 36molecules of ATP. The stoichiometries of proton pumping, ATP synthesis, and metabolite transport shouldbe regarded as estimates. About 2 more molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose oxidized whenthe malate-aspartate shuttle rather than the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used.

The First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only…

A violation of the First Law? The complete combustion of glucose to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP, as shown in Table 18.4 . However, the synthesis of glucose requires only 18 ATP. How is it possible that glucose synthesis from CO 2 and H 2 O requires only 18 ATP , but combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP? Is it a violation of the First Law of Thermodynamics , or perhaps a miracle?

A violation of the First Law? The complete combustion of glucose to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP, as shown in Table 18.4 . However, the synthesis of glucose requires only 18 ATP. How is it possible that glucose synthesis from CO 2 and H 2 O requires only 18 ATP , but combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O yields 30 ATP? Is it a violation of the First Law of Thermodynamics , or perhaps a miracle?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter2: Cell Physiology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10RE: Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1....

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Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 2. produces H2O as a by-product 3. results in a rich yield of ATP 4. takes place in the cytosol 5. processes acetyl-CoA 6. takes place in the mitochondrial innermembrane cristae 7. converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules 8. uses molecular oxygen 9. accomplished by the electron transport system and ATP synthase (a) glycolysis (b) citric acid cycle (c) oxidative phosphorylation
The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis? hexokinase phosphofructokinase glucose-6-phosphatase aldolase
Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited byÂ· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AÎ¤Î¡. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.
Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.
Assuming that the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is operative, a complete oxidation of five molecules of glucose (by a eukaryotic cell) into carbon dioxide and water would produce approximately _________ ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 2.5 ATP and FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)
Complete catabolism of one glucose molecule yields 38 ATP molecules. How many moles of ATP are produced by the complete catabolism of 10 moles of glucose?
Calculate the energy produced (in ATP molecules) achieved by complete oxidation of the hydrolysis products of 2 molecules of an oligosaccharides containing 4 fructose units to carbon dioxide and water. Assume that glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active. A. Glycolysis 1. number of ATP involved in energy investment phase 2. number of ATP involved in the energy generation phase 3. number of NADH B. Citric acid cycle number of NADH produced in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA_____? number of ATP/GTP produced?_____ number of NADH produced?_____ number of FADH2 produced?_____ C. Electron transport chain equivalent ATP of cytosolic NADH? equivalent ATP of mitochondril NADH? equivalent ATP of mitochondril FADH2? TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED (GROSS)? TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED (NET)?
Consider a cell with ATP synthase deficiency (Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components). In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) Total net ATP
Determine the ATP production of glucose catabolism by glycolysis and Krebs Cycle using the following information: 1. Glycolysis: Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+2. Pyruvate --> acetyl CoA: Produces 2 NADH + H+/glucose3. Krebs Cycle --> 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + H+/glucose 2.5 ATP are produced/NADH + H+ delivered electron to the electron transport system1.5 ATP are produced/FADH2 delivered electron to the electron transport system
Place the steps controling phosphofructokinase activity during glycolysis after ATP depletion. as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. AMP binds to phosphofructokinase at an allosteric site. AMP levels rise. Phosphofructokinase changes from inactive to active 3D conformation. ATP levels in the cell rise. The rate-determining step of glycolysis proceeds at a lower activation energy. High level of metabolites from the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosophorylation cause feedback inhibition.
How would the ATP yield per glucose molecule be different if enzyme specificity forced FADH2 to be used in place of NADH throughout aerobic metabolism?
Consider a 24:1 △cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the following. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles Gross ATP from acetyl CoA produced Gross ATP from conversion of propionyl CoA (if applicable) Total number of ATP deducted Total net ATP