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Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
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- In Figure 2-19, assume that the pedigree is for mice, inwhich any chosen cross can be made. If you bred IV-1with IV-3, what is the probability that the first baby willshow the recessive phenotype?Duroc Jersey pigs are typically red, but a sandy variation is alsoseen. When two different varieties of true-breeding sandy pigswere crossed to each other, they produced F1 offspring that werered. When these F1 offspring were crossed to each other, they produced red, sandy, and white pigs in a 9:6:1 ratio. Explain this pattern of inheritance.Most of the feathers of erminette fowl are light colored, with an occasional black one, giving a fleckedappearance. A cross of two erminettes produced a totalof 48 progeny, consisting of 22 erminettes, 14 blacks,and 12 pure whites. What genetic basis of the erminette pattern is suggested? How would you test yourhypotheses?
- For all seven characters described in the data of Mendel allowed the F2 plants to self-fertilize. He found that whenF2 plants with recessive traits were crossed to each other, theyalways bred true. However, when F2 plants with dominant traitswere crossed, some bred true but others did not. A summary ofMendel’s results is shown to the right When considering the data in this table, keep in mind that theydescribe the characteristics of the F2 generation parents that haddisplayed a dominant phenotype. These data were deduced byanalyzing the outcome of the F3 generation. Based on Mendel’slaws, explain why the ratios were approximately 1:2Holstein cattle are normally black and white. A superbblack-and-white bull, Charlie, was purchased by a farmerfor $100,000. All the progeny sired by Charlie were normal in appearance. However, certain pairs of his progeny,when interbred, produced red-and-white progeny at afrequency of about 25 percent. Charlie was soon removedfrom the stud lists of the Holstein breeders. Use symbolsto explain precisely why.A student whose hobby was fishing pulled a very unusual carp out of Cayuga Lake: It had no scales on itsbody. She decided to investigate whether this strangenude phenotype had a genetic basis. She therefore obtained some inbred carp that were pure-breeding forthe wild-type scale phenotype (body covered withscales in a regular pattern) and crossed them with hernude fish. To her surprise, the F1 progeny consistedof a 1:1 ratio of wild-type fish and fish with a singlelinear row of scales on each side.a. Can a single gene with two alleles account for thisresult? Why or why not?b. To follow up on the first cross, the student allowedthe linear fish from the F1 generation to mate witheach other. The progeny of this cross consisted offish with four phenotypes: linear, wild type, nude,and scattered (the latter had a few scales scattered irregularly on the body). The ratio of these phenotypeswas 6:3:2:1, respectively. How many genes appear tobe involved in determining these phenotypes?c. In…
- A geneticist from an alien planet that prohibits genetic researchbrought with him two true-breeding lines of frogs. One frogline croaks by uttering “rib-it rib-it” and has purple eyes. Theother frog line croaks by muttering “knee-deep knee-deep” andhas green eyes. He mated the two frog lines, producing F1 frogsthat were all utterers with blue eyes. A large F2 generation thenyielded the following ratios: 27/64 blue, utterer12/64 green, utterer9/64 blue, mutterer9/64 purple, utterer4/64 green, mutterer3/64 purple, mutterer Question: Assign gene symbols for all phenotypes, and indicate the genotypes of the P1, F1, and F2 frogs.A geneticist from an alien planet that prohibits genetic researchbrought with him two true-breeding lines of frogs. One frogline croaks by uttering “rib-it rib-it” and has purple eyes. Theother frog line croaks by muttering “knee-deep knee-deep” andhas green eyes. He mated the two frog lines, producing F1 frogsthat were all utterers with blue eyes. A large F2 generation thenyielded the following ratios: 27/64 blue, utterer12/64 green, utterer9/64 blue, mutterer9/64 purple, utterer4/64 green, mutterer3/64 purple, mutterer Question: How many total gene pairs are involved in the inheritance of both eye color and croaking?A geneticist from an alien planet that prohibits genetic researchbrought with him two true-breeding lines of frogs. One frogline croaks by uttering “rib-it rib-it” and has purple eyes. Theother frog line croaks by muttering “knee-deep knee-deep” andhas green eyes. He mated the two frog lines, producing F1 frogsthat were all utterers with blue eyes. A large F2 generation thenyielded the following ratios: 27/64 blue, utterer12/64 green, utterer9/64 blue, mutterer9/64 purple, utterer4/64 green, mutterer3/64 purple, mutterer Question: After many years, the frog geneticist isolated true-breeding lines of all six F2 phenotypes. Indicate the F1 and F2 phenotypic ratios of a cross between a blue, mutterer anda purple, utterer.
- A cross between two pea plants, both of which grewfrom yellow round seeds, gave the following numbersof seeds: 156 yellow round and 54 yellow wrinkled.What are the genotypes of the parent plants? (Yellowand round are dominant traits.)On a fox ranch in Wisconsin, a mutation arose that gavea “platinum” coat color. The platinum color proved verypopular with buyers of fox coats, but the breeders couldnot develop a pure-breeding platinum strain. Every timetwo platinums were crossed, some normal foxes appeared in the progeny. For example, the repeated matings of the same pair of platinums produced 82 platinumand 38 normal progeny. All other such matings gavesimilar progeny ratios. State a concise genetic hypothesisthat accounts for these results.If you try to throw a basketball into a basket, the likelihood ofsucceeding depends on the size of the basket. It is more likely thatyou will get the ball into the basket if the basket is bigger. In yourown words, explain how this analogy applies to the idea that thelikelihood of crossing over is greater when two genes are far apartthan when they are close together?