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- Use your knowledge of Cell & Molecular Biology to design solutions for treatingCOVID-19 based on your understanding of the signaling pathwaysdesign solutions for treating COVID-19 based on your understanding of the signaling pathwaysTumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling Discuss how Rheumatoid Arthritis is caused when the pathway is inappropriately activated or not functioning properly, provide one other reference than the photo below to expand on how the signaling pathway is disrupted.
- For instance, β-catenin is involved in cellular adhesion as well as proliferation. Estrogen can be protective for the heart, but also drive cancer. With how complicated signaling pathways are, why would there be one protein or molecule that can have such different functions?Can I get help on how to do this question? Two mutations have occurred to proteins within the glucagon signaling pathway: A) The glucagon receptor has a mutation. This mutation causes this GPCR to always have a conformation that will induce nucleotide exchange for any associated heterotrimeric G proteins, even without glucagon binding to the receptor. B) The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has a mutation. This mutation causes the Gα arginine finger to always be in a position to properly order the catalytic residues within the Gα subunit to promote catalysis. Question: What will the effect of the Gα mutation be on Gα's function and what is the mechanistic reason for this effect?Can I get help on how to do this question? Two mutations have occurred to proteins within the glucagon signaling pathway: A) The glucagon receptor has a mutation. This mutation causes this GPCR to always have a conformation that will induce nucleotide exchange for any associated heterotrimeric G proteins, even without glucagon binding to the receptor. B) The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has a mutation. This mutation causes the Gαarginine finger to always be in a position to properly order the catalytic residues within the Gαsubunit to promote catalysis. Question: What will the effect of the glucagon receptor mutation be on the GPCRs function and what is the mechanistic reason for this effect?
- You work for a large biotechnology company that is studying viruses, vaccines, and small molecule inhibitors. You are asked to give an overview of cell signaling as it relates to the coronavirus and young adults. a) Describe cell signaling pathways (e.g., at least 3) that are likely manipulated during a coronavirus infection. In your description, include how the pathways are involved in antagonizing the host antiviral response.Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine used by immune cells to initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses. Inflammation is a key response to cell damage or infection, but can, in some diseases, spiral out of control and become more of a problem than the original cause (COVID-19 lung damage is a relevant example...). TNF-α receptors exist on many cell types. Let’s study the interaction between TNF-α (T) and its receptor (R), to form an activated complex C: T + R ↔ C A macrophage is measured to have ~105 TNF-α receptors on its surface. If the macrophage is immersed in a high concentration of TNF-α molecules (i.e. L0 ≅ L), how will the number of activated receptors change over time? Plot this trend for the case L0 =10 nM, kf=106 M-1 min-1, kr=0.1 min-1. There is constant ligand concentration and an initial condition of C0 = 0. We are given the constants needed to model the number of activated receptors over time and can use the following equation:Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling Explain in detail each step in figure 8.53. Make sure to include an explanation of the proteolytic and phosphorylation cascades.
- Different types of signaling between cells Briefly describe the 6 different signal pathsPart A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific proteins it is signaling through. You want to do a single Western blot to measure changes in signaling activity, regardless of which pathway is being activated. For which protein involved in these pathways could you measure the levels in the nucleus of cells and be confident in your results? Why? This part was already posted on chegg, but I didn't understand the answer. I need a thorough explanation, so I can fully understand. Part B (Short Response): There have been many attempts to block TGF-β signaling in cancer through many different mechanisms, but none of been very successful. Why do you think this is? I know they have gotten close to being successful, but I don't know what preventing their success.A signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its job
