s Firm A $150 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river, and it costs Firm B $75 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it r rmits. Government officials are not sure whether to allow the firms to buy or sell the pollution permits to each other. What is the total cost of reducing pollution n each other? What is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms are allowed to buy and sell permits from each other? $3000 $6750
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- Antitrust laws Cooperation among oligopolies runs counter to the public interest because it leads to underproduction and high prices. In an effort to bring resource allocation closer to the social optimum, public officials attempt to force oligopolies to compete instead of cooperating. Consider the following scenario: Suppose that the presidents of two auto manufacturing companies exchange text messages in which they discuss jointly raising prices on their new lines of hybrid SUVs. This illegal communication would violate which of the following laws? The Clayton Act of 1914 The Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 The Robinson–Patman Act of 1936Years ago, Callaway Golf patented its signature Big Bertha line of drivers. Today, the company spends a lot of money prosecuting individuals that try to sell knock off Big Bertha drivers to the public. What is the purpose of the patent, and why do companies like Callaway Golf fight those that try to imitate their products?Joe and Rebecca are small-town ready-mix concrete duopolists. The market demand function is Qd = 10,000 – 100P, where P is the price of a cubic yard of concrete and Qd is the number of cubic yards demanded per year. Marginal cost is $25 per cubic yard. Suppose that Joe and Rebecca compete in quantities and competition in this market is described by Cournot model. What are Joe and Rebecca’s Nash equilibrium outputs? What is the resulting price? What do they each earn as profit? How does the price compare to the marginal cost? Joe and Rebecca are small-town ready-mix concrete duopolists. The market demand function is Qd = 10,000 – 100P, where P is the price of a cubic yard of concrete and Qd is the number of cubic yards demanded per year. Marginal cost is $25 per cubic yard. Suppose that Joe and Rebecca compete in quantities and competition in this market is described by Cournot model. What are Joe and Rebecca’s Nash equilibrium outputs? What is the resulting price? What do they each…
- Billy Penny is trying to determine how many units of two types of lawn mowers to produce each day. One of these is the Standard model, while the other is the Deluxe model. The profit per unit on the Standard model is $60, while the profit per unit on the Deluxe model is $40. The Standard model requires 20 minutes of assembly time, while the Deluxe model requires 35 minutes of assembly time. The Standard model requires 10 minutes of inspection time, while the Deluxe model requires 15 minutes of inspection time. The company must fill an order for 6 Deluxe models. There are 450 minutes of assembly time and 180 minutes of inspection time available each day. How many units of each product should be manufactured to maximize profits?Two firms, A and B, are each considering trying to develop a newwidget. Whichever firm is first to develop the new widget wins a patent worth $20 million plus a penny.Developing a new widget involves several ‘steps’. The firms alternate moves, with A moving first, until oneof them wins the patent. All moves are observed. In each turn, a firm can choose whether to take 0, 1, or2 development ‘steps’. Taking 0 steps in a turn costs that firm $0. Taking 1 step in a turn costs $4 million.And taking 2 steps in a turn costs $11 million. For simplicity, assume a zero discount rate. Initially, eachfirm is 4 steps away from completing development.(a) Describe and explain carefully what will happen in this patent race and why. [Hint: it may help toread Dutta ch 12 (but notice I changed the numbers).](b) Very briefly explain what is the economic rationale for granting ‘intellectual property rights’ such aspatents. What are some disadvantages for society of granting such rights?Mary and Raj are the only two growers who provide organically grown corn to a local grocery store. They know that if they cooperated and produced less corn, they could raise the price of the corn. If they work independently, they will each earn $100. If they decide to work together and both lower their output, they can each earn $150. If one person lowers output and the other does not, the person who lowers output will earn $0 and the other person will capture the entire market and will earn $200. Table represents the choices available to Mary and Raj. What is the best choice for Raj if he is sure that Mary will cooperate? If Mary thinks Raj will cheat, what should Mary do and why? What is the prisoner’s dilemma result? What is the preferred choice if they could ensure cooperation? A = Work independently; B = Cooperate and Lower Output
- consider an oligopoly where firms sell differentiated goods and compete in prices. in this case the equilibrium prices charged by firms are too high relative to the collusive optimum price (the price that maximizes joint profit). is this true or false? explain your answer by relating to the notion of externality.Suppose Toyota and Honda must decide whether to make a new breed of side-impact airbags standard equipment on all models. Side-impact airbags raise the price of each automobile by $1,000. If both firms make side-impact airbags standard equipment, each company will earn profits of $0.5 billion. If neither company adopts the side-impact airbag technology, each company will earn $1.5 billion. If one company adopts the technology as standard equipment and the other does not, the adopting company will earn a profit of $2 billion and the other company will earn $-1 billion.If you were a decision maker at Honda, would you make side-impact airbags standard equipment?multiple choice 1 There is not enough information to answer the question. No Yes If Toyota and Honda were able to cooperate, would you expect this same outcome?multiple choice 2 Yes No There is not enough information to answer the question.Assume that we have an entry situation like that in the Judo Economics example. There is an incumbent firm (I) and a new entrant (E). Now we will look at the outcome if the entrant is at a disadvantage. The incumbent has constant marginal costs of production of $100, while marginal costs for the entrant are $120 per unit. There are 100 identical buyers who are willing to pay $200 for the incumbent’s product, but only $160 to buy from the entrant. Any consumer can buy from the incumbent, but only those targeted by the entrant can buy from the entrant. Those consumers targeted by the entrant can choose to buy from the incumbent or the entrant and will choose the lowest price (with the incumbent winning ties). At the first move of the game the entrant decides how many consumers (N) to target and sets a single price (P) to those targeted consumers. The incumbent then sets a single price for all 100 consumers, deciding to defend the market or accommodate the new entrant. Consumers then…
- Table 17-1Imagine a small town in which only two residents, Rochelle and Alec, own wells that produce safe drinking water. Each week Rochelle and Alec work together to decide how many gallons of water to pump. They bring the water to town and sell it at whatever price the market will bear. To keep things simple, suppose that Rochelle and Alec can pump as much water as they want without cost so that the marginal cost of water equals zero. The weekly town demand schedule and total revenue schedule for water is shown in the table below: Quantity(in gallons) Price Total Revenue(and Total Profit) 0 $60 $0 100 55 5,500 200 50 10,000 300 45 13,500 400 40 16,000 500 35 17,500 600 30 18,000 700 25 17,500 800 20 16,000 900 15 13,500 1,000 10 10,000 1,100 5 5,500 1,200 0 0 Refer to Table 17-1. If this market for water were perfectly competitive instead of…Two organic emu ranchers, Bill and Ted, serve a small metropolitan market. Bill and Ted are Cournot competitors, making a conscious decision each year regarding how many emus to breed. The price they can charge depends on how many emus they collectively raise, and demand in this market is given by Q = 150 – P. Bill raises emus at a constant marginal and average total cost of $10; Ted raises emus at a constant marginal and average total cost of $20. Find the Cournot equilibrium price, quantity, profits, and consumer surplus. Suppose that Bill and Ted merge, and become a monopoly provider of emus. Further, suppose that Ted adopts Bill’s production techniques. Find the monopoly price, quantity, profits, and consumer surplus. Suppose that instead of merging, Bill considers buying Ted’s operation for cash. How much should Bill be willing to offer Ted to purchase his emu ranch? (Assume that the combined firms are only going to operate for one period.) Has the combination of the two…two timber companies, Alpha and Beta, have to decide whether to harvest timber from the North Hill or the South Hill and then sell the timbers in the same market. If both harvest from North Hill, each company can harvest 100 tons of timber. If both companies harvest from South Hill, each company can harvest 150 tons of timber. If one company harvests from North Hill and the other harvests from South Hill, the company at North Hill can harvest 150 tons of timber while the company at South Hill can harvest 250 tons of timber. The price of timber is dependent on the total supply of timber in the market. The price will be $180 per ton if the total supply is 200 tons, $150 per ton if the total supply is 300 tons and $100 per ton if the total supply is 400 tons. To both companies, the cost of harvesting in North Hill is $5,000 and the cost of harvesting in South Hill is $10,000. (a) If Alpha and Beta were to make a decision simultaneously, construct the payoff matrix in terms of profit for…